# Source code for surprise.prediction_algorithms.algo_base

    """
    The :mod:`surprise.prediction_algorithms.algo_base` module defines the base
    class :class:`AlgoBase` from which every single prediction algorithm has to
    inherit.
    """

    from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function,
                            unicode_literals)

    from .. import similarities as sims
    from .predictions import PredictionImpossible
    from .predictions import Prediction
    from .optimize_baselines import baseline_als
    from .optimize_baselines import baseline_sgd

    class AlgoBase(object):
        """Abstract class where is defined the basic behavior of a prediction
        algorithm.

        Keyword Args:
            baseline_options(dict, optional): If the algorithm needs to compute a
                baseline estimate, the ``baseline_options`` parameter is used to
                configure how they are computed. See
                :ref:`baseline_estimates_configuration` for usage.
        """

        def __init__(self, **kwargs):

            self.bsl_options = kwargs.get('bsl_options', {})
            self.sim_options = kwargs.get('sim_options', {})
            if 'user_based' not in self.sim_options:
                self.sim_options['user_based'] = True

        def fit(self, trainset):
            """Train an algorithm on a given training set.

            This method is called by every derived class as the first basic step
            for training an algorithm. It basically just initializes some internal
            structures and set the self.trainset attribute.

            Args:
                trainset(:obj:`Trainset <surprise.Trainset>`) : A training
                    set, as returned by the :meth:`folds
                    <surprise.dataset.Dataset.folds>` method.

            Returns:
                self
            """

            self.trainset = trainset

            # (re) Initialise baselines
            self.bu = self.bi = None

            return self

        def predict(self, uid, iid, r_ui=None, clip=True, verbose=False):
            """Compute the rating prediction for given user and item.

            The ``predict`` method converts raw ids to inner ids and then calls the
            ``estimate`` method which is defined in every derived class. If the
            prediction is impossible (e.g. because the user and/or the item is
            unkown), the prediction is set according to :meth:`default_prediction()
            <surprise.prediction_algorithms.algo_base.AlgoBase.default_prediction>`.

            Args:
                uid: (Raw) id of the user. See :ref:`this note<raw_inner_note>`.
                iid: (Raw) id of the item. See :ref:`this note<raw_inner_note>`.
                r_ui(float): The true rating :math:`r_{ui}`. Optional, default is
                    ``None``.
                clip(bool): Whether to clip the estimation into the rating scale.
                    For example, if :math:`\\hat{r}_{ui}` is :math:`5.5` while the
                    rating scale is :math:`[1, 5]`, then :math:`\\hat{r}_{ui}` is
                    set to :math:`5`. Same goes if :math:`\\hat{r}_{ui} < 1`.
                    Default is ``True``.
                verbose(bool): Whether to print details of the prediction.  Default
                    is False.

            Returns:
                A :obj:`Prediction\
                <surprise.prediction_algorithms.predictions.Prediction>` object
                containing:

                - The (raw) user id ``uid``.
                - The (raw) item id ``iid``.
                - The true rating ``r_ui`` (:math:`\\hat{r}_{ui}`).
                - The estimated rating (:math:`\\hat{r}_{ui}`).
                - Some additional details about the prediction that might be useful
                  for later analysis.
            """

            # Convert raw ids to inner ids
            try:
                iuid = self.trainset.to_inner_uid(uid)
            except ValueError:
                iuid = 'UKN__' + str(uid)
            try:
                iiid = self.trainset.to_inner_iid(iid)
            except ValueError:
                iiid = 'UKN__' + str(iid)

            details = {}
            try:
                est = self.estimate(iuid, iiid)

                # If the details dict was also returned
                if isinstance(est, tuple):
                    est, details = est

                details['was_impossible'] = False

            except PredictionImpossible as e:
                est = self.default_prediction()
                details['was_impossible'] = True
                details['reason'] = str(e)

            # clip estimate into [lower_bound, higher_bound]
            if clip:
                lower_bound, higher_bound = self.trainset.rating_scale
                est = min(higher_bound, est)
                est = max(lower_bound, est)

            pred = Prediction(uid, iid, r_ui, est, details)

            if verbose:
                print(pred)

            return pred

        def default_prediction(self):
            '''Used when the ``PredictionImpossible`` exception is raised during a
            call to :meth:`predict()
            <surprise.prediction_algorithms.algo_base.AlgoBase.predict>`. By
            default, return the global mean of all ratings (can be overridden in
            child classes).

            Returns:
                (float): The mean of all ratings in the trainset.
            '''

            return self.trainset.global_mean

        def test(self, testset, verbose=False):
            """Test the algorithm on given testset, i.e. estimate all the ratings
            in the given testset.

            Args:
                testset: A test set, as returned by a :ref:`cross-validation
                    itertor<use_cross_validation_iterators>` or by the
                    :meth:`build_testset() <surprise.Trainset.build_testset>`
                    method.
                verbose(bool): Whether to print details for each predictions.
                    Default is False.

            Returns:
                A list of :class:`Prediction\
                <surprise.prediction_algorithms.predictions.Prediction>` objects
                that contains all the estimated ratings.
            """

            # The ratings are translated back to their original scale.
            predictions = [self.predict(uid,
                                        iid,
                                        r_ui_trans,
                                        verbose=verbose)
                           for (uid, iid, r_ui_trans) in testset]
            return predictions

        def compute_baselines(self):
            """Compute users and items baselines.

            The way baselines are computed depends on the ``bsl_options`` parameter
            passed at the creation of the algorithm (see
            :ref:`baseline_estimates_configuration`).

            This method is only relevant for algorithms using :func:`Pearson
            baseline similarty<surprise.similarities.pearson_baseline>` or the
            :class:`BaselineOnly
            <surprise.prediction_algorithms.baseline_only.BaselineOnly>` algorithm.

            Returns:
                A tuple ``(bu, bi)``, which are users and items baselines."""

            # Firt of, if this method has already been called before on the same
            # trainset, then just return. Indeed, compute_baselines may be called
            # more than one time, for example when a similarity metric (e.g.
            # pearson_baseline) uses baseline estimates.
            if self.bu is not None:
                return self.bu, self.bi

            method = dict(als=baseline_als,
                          sgd=baseline_sgd)

            method_name = self.bsl_options.get('method', 'als')

            try:
                if getattr(self, 'verbose', False):
                    print('Estimating biases using', method_name + '...')
                self.bu, self.bi = method[method_name](self)
                return self.bu, self.bi
            except KeyError:
                raise ValueError('Invalid method ' + method_name +
                                 ' for baseline computation.' +
                                 ' Available methods are als and sgd.')

        def compute_similarities(self):
            """Build the similarity matrix.

            The way the similarity matrix is computed depends on the
            ``sim_options`` parameter passed at the creation of the algorithm (see
            :ref:`similarity_measures_configuration`).

            This method is only relevant for algorithms using a similarity measure,
            such as the :ref:`k-NN algorithms <pred_package_knn_inpired>`.

            Returns:
                The similarity matrix."""

            construction_func = {'cosine': sims.cosine,
                                 'msd': sims.msd,
                                 'pearson': sims.pearson,
                                 'pearson_baseline': sims.pearson_baseline}

            if self.sim_options['user_based']:
                n_x, yr = self.trainset.n_users, self.trainset.ir
            else:
                n_x, yr = self.trainset.n_items, self.trainset.ur

            min_support = self.sim_options.get('min_support', 1)

            args = [n_x, yr, min_support]

            name = self.sim_options.get('name', 'msd').lower()
            if name == 'pearson_baseline':
                shrinkage = self.sim_options.get('shrinkage', 100)
                bu, bi = self.compute_baselines()
                if self.sim_options['user_based']:
                    bx, by = bu, bi
                else:
                    bx, by = bi, bu

                args += [self.trainset.global_mean, bx, by, shrinkage]

            try:
                if getattr(self, 'verbose', False):
                    print('Computing the {0} similarity matrix...'.format(name))
                sim = construction_func[name](*args)
                if getattr(self, 'verbose', False):
                    print('Done computing similarity matrix.')
                return sim
            except KeyError:
                raise NameError('Wrong sim name ' + name + '. Allowed values ' +
                                'are ' + ', '.join(construction_func.keys()) + '.')

        def get_neighbors(self, iid, k):
            """Return the ``k`` nearest neighbors of ``iid``, which is the inner id
            of a user or an item, depending on the ``user_based`` field of
            ``sim_options`` (see :ref:`similarity_measures_configuration`).

            As the similarities are computed on the basis of a similarity measure,
            this method is only relevant for algorithms using a similarity measure,
            such as the :ref:`k-NN algorithms <pred_package_knn_inpired>`.

            For a usage example, see the :ref:`FAQ <get_k_nearest_neighbors>`.

            Args:
                iid(int): The (inner) id of the user (or item) for which we want
                    the nearest neighbors. See :ref:`this note<raw_inner_note>`.

                k(int): The number of neighbors to retrieve.

            Returns:
                The list of the ``k`` (inner) ids of the closest users (or items)
                to ``iid``.
            """

            if self.sim_options['user_based']:
                all_instances = self.trainset.all_users
            else:
                all_instances = self.trainset.all_items

            others = [(x, self.sim[iid, x]) for x in all_instances() if x != iid]
            others.sort(key=lambda tple: tple[1], reverse=True)
            k_nearest_neighbors = [j for (j, _) in others[:k]]

            return k_nearest_neighbors