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### History

##### Multiprecision-4.1.2 (Boost-1.81)

- Correct thread-safe static initialization of constants for cpp_bin_float, see 497.
- Correct cpp_int `import_bits` when just importing the leading few bits of the value, see 488.
- Remove some C++03 idioms, including use of `0` rather than `nullptr`.
- Minor fixes for gcc-12 on Mingw.

##### Multiprecision-4.1.1 (Boost-1.80)

- Mark C++11 support as deprecated: from 2023 we will move to requiring C++14 as a minimum standard level. That will drop support for GCC versions prior to 5 and MSVC prior to 14.1.
- Fix conflict between `boost/cstdfloat.hpp` and this library.
- Clean up lots of gcc and clang warnings.
- Fix input streaming of composite types (complex, interval rational) where there is a trailing delimeter in the stream and no whitespace.
- Fix `constexpr` integer square root where the input is 1, 2 or 3.
- Add missing `#include` of `<memory>` to float128.hpp.
- Correct 2-arg constructor for class `number` to prevent ambiguity in some cases.
- Correct and make more consistent behaviour of divide-by-zero in gmp.hpp.

##### Multiprecision-4.1.0 (Boost-1.79)

- Big update to support use of this library "standalone": ie without the rest of Boost. A copy of Boost.Config is still required, and use of Boost.Math to provide the C99 special functions is optional.
- Fix IO of floating point numbers when `std::ios_base::fixed` is in effect and the precision is zero.
- Fix various spurious GCC warnings in cpp_int bitwise operators.
- Use `float128_type` typedef throughout to suppress GCC/clang warnings about using a non-standard extension.
- Correct conversion of Intel's _Quad type to string, see #427.
- Correct usage of Intel intrinsics on GCC to avoid simply checking for the header, see #419.
- Update `signbit` to match `std::signbit` and to return the correct sign when the result is zero, #426.
- Fix over-large reductions in default sin/cos code.
- Fix some mpq rational arithmetic errors: Multiplication by zero should not proceed via gcd, and multiplication by scalar should be restricted to integer types (not floats).
- Support conversion to and from `__int128` and `__float128` everywhere, not just on an add-hock basis, #237.
- Avoid unnecessary copying in cpp_int's add_unsigned, #357.
- Change all bit counts to use `std::size_t` or `std::ptrdiff_t`, #362.
- Bring Eigen traits classes up to date and add tests.
- Fix `is_byte_container` to correctly handle Eigen types, #398.
- Improve cpp_int to float conversion to be insensitive to floating point control flags, #360.
- Correct interop between signed-zeros and complex number types, #396.

##### Multiprecision-4.0.2 (Boost-1.78)

- Rework rational_adaptor to remove dependency on Boost.Rational and improve performance.
- Fix issue with type_traits and clang, see #383.
- Fixed buggy Lehmer's GCD routine, see #370.
- Fix mpc_complex constructors so that lossy conversions are explicit, see #363.
- Correct miscellaneous configuration issues (Intel intrinsic usage and Apple clang).
- Correct some iostream operators for unsigned char types.
- Correct mpq_rational conversions to integer types, see #342.

##### Multiprecision-4.0.1 (Boost-1.77)

- Much improved Karatsuba sqrt for cpp_int/cpp_bin_float.
- Added C++11 compatible `to_string` free function.
- Fixed bug in Lehmer GCD code, see #322.
- Fixed debug_adaptor/logged_adaptor to work better with complex, rational and interval types, see #329.
- Big update to mixed-variable precision arithmetic code with better options and thread safety, see docs.
- Fixed up hashing of bools and enums when creating hash values.
- Improved conversions to and from enum types.
- Restricted use of Intel intrinsics to when we really are building for Intel even though the header may be available, see #321.
- Tidied up Lanczos approximation usage, in conjunction with Boost.Math this improves the reliability and accuracy of many special functions.
- Fix use of libtommath deprecated features.
- Fixed missing sqrt overload, see #319.
- Added Karatsuba multiplication to cpp_dec_float to bring it into line with the other types in this library.
- Added some minor optimizations to mpfr comparison operators.

##### Multiprecision-4.0.0 (Boost-1.76)

- BREAKING CHANGE: Massive refactoring and code simpification makes C++11 an absolute requirement.
- Use BOOST_TRY/CATCH in headers so code can be use din s=exception-free environments.
- Correct corner case in pow, fixes #277.
- Correct exception type thrown to match docs in lsb/msb: fixes #257.
- Allow moves and operators between related but different types (ie types with the same allocator), fixes #278.

##### Multiprecision-3.2.5 (Boost-1.75)

- Much improved gcd and modulus operations for cpp_int.
- Improved addition/subtraction routines for cpp_int via Intel's intrinsics.
- gmp_int: add better conversion routines for `long long` and `__int128`.
- mpfr_float: Fix `log1p` corner case.
- Improve accuracy of complex tan/tanh.
- Improve accuracy of trig functions for cpp_bin_float.

##### Multiprecision-3.2.4 (Boost-1.73)

- IMPORTANT: Mark C++03 support as deprecated and due for removal in 2021.
- Big update to cpp_int adds faster Karatsuba and Coomba multiplication routines.
- Fix conversion of gmp_rational to `long double` and `__float128`, fixes #178.
- Fix up libtommath support to function with the latest libtom releases.
- Fix up some incompatibilities with the latest Intel C++ compiler.
- Fix up `constexpr` arithmetic support for forthcoming MSVC release.

##### Multiprecision-3.2.3 (Boost-1.72)

- Big `constexpr` update allows cpp_int and float128 arithmetic to be fully `constexpr` with gcc and clang 9 or later, or any compiler supporting `std::is_constant_evaluated()`.

##### Multiprecision-3.1.3 (Boost-1.71)

- Support hexfloat io-formatting for float128.
- Fix various bugs in variable precision interconversions.
- Respect uppercase for '0x' prefix outputs.
- Incorporate some unit tests from the Etherium project.
- Fix some gcc warnings.

##### Multiprecision-3.1.2 (Boost-1.70)

- Fix various conversion issues in the traits classes, check for compatibility with Boost.Optional.
- Prevent instantiation of `std::numeric_limits` on any old type when checking for convertibility. See #98.
- Update variable precision code to accound for arbitrary precision integers. See #103.
- Add support for XML serialization archives.
- Fix bug in fixed precision iostream formatting in `mpf_float` and `mpfr_float`. See #113.
- Add more overloads for special functions which are better handled natively by MPFR.
- Fixed bug in generic `exp` implementation which could cause invariant failure.
- Fixed generic conversion from float to integer to avoid undefined behaviour. See #110.

##### Multiprecision-3.1.1 (Boost-1.69)

- Big update to better support variable precision types so that the precision of the result is always the largest of all the arguments.
- Add support for allocators that are `final` in cpp_int.
- Removed use of deprecated Boost.Endian in favour of Predef.
- Add support for `std::string_view`.
- Fixed minor bug in constant initialization. See #67.
- Make assignment of non-finite value to `cpp_int` a runtime errors. See #58.
- Added typedefs for `cpp_bin_float_oct` and `cpp_complex_oct`.

##### Multiprecision-3.1.0 (Boost-1.68)

- Support added for complex multiprecision numbers.
- Changed conversion to unsigned integer types to be truncating to match standard defined behaviour.
- Correct bug in MPFR string formatting.
- Fix undefined behaviour in cpp_dec_float conversion from long long.
- Add support for Eigen interoperability.
- float128.hpp: Fix Intel on Windows build.
- Fix type used in temporaries when expanding expression templates containing mixed expressions.
- Fix infinite loop in gmp_float to fixed-point string conversion.
- Update the expression templates to issue static_asserts with better error messages when you try and do something unsupported.
- Fix bug in cpp_int where incrementing to zero doesn't set the sign correctly.
- Remove erroneous use of std::move, and rely on NVRO instead.
- Fix up support for changes to MPIR-3.0.
- Fix various conversion errors in cpp_bin_float when the exponent type is a `long long`, or else we're converting to an integer that is wider than we are.
- Fix compatibility issue with GCC-8 caused by the introduction of `std::byte`.

##### Multiprecision-3.0.0 (Boost-1.67)

- Breaking Change: When converting a multiprecision integer to a narrower type, if the value is too large (or negative) to fit in the smaller type, then the result is either the maximum (or minimum) value of the target type. This was always the intended behaviour, but was somewhat haphazardly enforced before. If you really do want just the low order N bits of a value, then you will need to mask these out prior to the case, for example: `static_cast<unsigned>(~static_cast<unsigned>(0) & my_value)`. Note that technically (to avoid undefined behaviour) you should do the same thing with fundamental (built-in) integer types too. See #13109.
- Fix bug in conversion of decimal to rational types (zero needs special handling), see #13148.
- Fix conversion from cpp_bin_float to a wider fundamental (built-in) integer type, see #13301.
- Improve performance heurists used in cpp_bin_float exp function.
- Fix bug in floor/ceil and cpp_bin_float when the exponent type is wider than an int, see #13264.
- Disable explicit conversion operator when the target type is already constructible from this type, see #30.
- Fix support for changes new to MPIR-3.0, see #13124.

##### Multiprecision-2.3.2 (Boost-1.65)

- Updated expression templates to store arithmetic literals directly in the expression template to prevent dangling references, see #19.
- Fix various issues with huge values and overflow in the trig, pow and exp functions, see #24.
- Fix error handling of checked cpp_int multiply that could cause some overflows to be missed.

##### Multiprecision-2.3.1 (Boost-1.64)

- In `cpp_bin_float` prevent double rounding when converting to a denormalized float. See #12527.
- Fix bug in integer sqrt for very small integers. See #12559.
- Fix conversion to signed-zero in `cpp_bin_float`.
- Change `cpp_bin_float` rounding code to round at arbitrary location so we can use it for conversions, see #12527.
- Improve performance of 128-bit bit-scan operations.
- Fix subtraction of very small quantities in `cpp_bin_float`. See: #12580.
- Bring error handling into line with C99 Annex F. See #12581.
- Fix bitwise export of trivial `cpp_int`'s, see #12627.
- Fix `ilogb` (and code that uses it) to consistently return the smallest value of the exponent type when the argument is zero, see #12625.
- Allow conversion from `float128` to `cpp_bin_float`.
- Fix bug in left shift of `cpp_int` which would result in bit-loss, see #12790.
- Fixed bugs in bounded but variable precision `cpp_int`'s caused by over-aggressive constexpr optimization, see #12798.

##### Multiprecision-2.3.0 (Boost-1.63)

- Added support for all the C99 math functions.
- Extended generic-interconversions to handle narrowing cases as well, changed convert_to member function and hence explicit conversion operators to use the same conversion code as the explicit constructors.
- Fix IO stream parsing error, see #12488.
- Make default constructed floating point types all zero for consistency, see #12500.
- Fix conversion of cpp_bin_float to float/double/long double when the exponent value would overflow an int, see #12512.
- Fix cpp_bin_float subtractions that yield signed-zeros, see #12524.
- Fix ceil/trunc/round applied to cpp_bin_float and yielding a signed zero, see #12525.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.8 (Boost-1.62)

- Added support for hashing via `Boost.Hash` or `std::hash`.
- Fixed some arithmetic operations in cpp_bin_float and cpp_dec_float that should generate a NaN, see #12157.
- Prevent inadvertant instantiation of variable-precision `mpfr_float_backend` with fixed allocation.
- Fixed division over/underflow in cpp_bin_float, see #12167.
- Added support for signed-zeros throughout the library, including support for `signbit` and `copysign`, mpfr, float128, and cpp_bin_float types should now respect signed-zeros correctly.
- Fixed bug in conversion of cpp_bin_float infinities to double etc, see #12196.
- Fix add and subtract of cpp_bin_float when the exponents would overflow., see #12198.
- Improve variable-precision support in mpfr and mpf backends, allow these types to be used with Boost.Math.
- Fixed bug in subtraction of signed infinities in cpp_bin_float, see #12209.
- Fix result of sqrt(infinity) in cpp_bin_float (result should be infinity), see #12227.
- Added workaround in gmp.hpp for recent MPIR releases which are not quite source-compatible with GMP on Windows x64.
- Allow `cpp_int` code to be used with /RTCc with MSVC.
- Fix conversion of `cpp_int` to signed integer when the result is INT_MIN, see #12343.
- Update uBlas support to match latest uBlas code.
- Fix some errors present when building on big-endian machines (not all `cpp_int` constructors are available on non-little-endian machines).
- Fix fencepost error in rational to float conversion routines, see #12327.
- Fix some Oracle C++ compiler compatibility issues.
- Add modf support to complete C90 compatibility.
- Fix self assignment bug in expression template code for expressions such as `a = a * a * a`, see #12408.
- Fixed some compiler errors that occur when converting from `cpp_int` to `cpp_bin_float`.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.7 (Boost-1.61)

- Fixed bug in stream input for integer types, see #11857.
- Fixed some ambiguous conversions involving expression templates see #11922.
- Add expression template aware min/max overloads see #11149.
- Fix bug in right shifting negative small integers in cpp_int see #11999.
- Use memmove for bitshifts in cpp_int when possible see #9233.
- Use memcpy for data import into cpp_int where possible, see #9235.
- Changed `cpp_bin_float.convert_to<double>()` to a function template rather than proceding via `long double` to avoid double-rounding bug, see #12039.
- Fixed conversions from NaNs and Infinities, see #12112.
- Enabled better support for Clang on Windows.
- Fixed handling of NaNs and Infinities in basic arithmetic for cpp_dec_float and cpp_bin_float, see #12090.
- Fixed fencepost error in cpp_bin_float subtraction.
- Fixed double-rounding in conversion to float routines for cpp_bin_float, see #12039.
- Make float128 denorm aware, see #12075.
- Allow the library and tests to be used without exception handling support, see #12070.
- Fixed buggy comparison operator overloads for boost::rational.
- Added some workarounds for Oracle C++.
- Fixed some missing typecasts for cases where cpp_int's limb_type is wider than unsigned.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.6 (Boost-1.60)

- Fixed result of Miller Rabin primality test for value 2, see #11495.
- Improved initialization of cpp_int from very large strings of hex or octal digits, see #11590.
- Fixed fmod behaviour for negative divisors, see #11641.
- Fixed infinite division loop in cpp_int special case, see #11648.
- Patched missing return statement in #11762.
- Fixed mixed mode arithmetic compiler error in #11764.
- Fixed over-aggressive use of noexcept in #11826.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.5 (Boost-1.59)

- Depricated boost/multiprecision/random.hpp as it's no longer needed, updated random examples to match.
- Fixed a bug in `cpp_int` right shift operator when shifting negative values - semantics now gives the same values as shifting 2's compliment integers, though not the same bit pattern.
- Fixed support for GCC-4.6.4 in C++0x mode by disabling conditional noexcept suppoprt for that compiler see #11402.
- Suppressed numerous compiler warnings.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.4 (Boost-1.58)

- Changed `frexp` to always be non-expression template generating, see: 10993.
- Improved support of cpp_dec_float on Cygwin and other platforms with missing long double support, see 10924.
- Improved noexcept support and added some more tests, see 10990.
- Various workarounds applied for Intel-15.0 and Solaris-12.4 compilers.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.3 (Boost-1.57)

- Changed rational to float conversions to exactly round to nearest, see 10085.
- Added improved generic float to rational conversions.
- Fixed rare bug in exponent function for cpp_bin_float.
- Fixed various minor documentation issues.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.2 (Boost-1.56)

- Change floating-point to rational conversions to be implicit, see 10082.
- Fix definition of checked_cpp_rational typedef.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.1

- Fix bug in assignment from string in cpp_int, see 9936.

##### Multiprecision-2.2.0

- Moved to Boost.Multiprecision specific version number - we have one breaking change in Boost-1.54 which makes this major version 2, plus two releases with new features since then.
- Added new cpp_bin_float backend for binary floating-point.
- Added MSVC-specific #include for compiler intrinsics, see 9336.
- Fixed various typos in docs, see 9432.
- Fixed gmp_rational to allow move-copy from an already copied-from object, see 9497.
- Added list of values for numeric_limits.

##### Boost-1.55

- Added support for Boost.Serialization.
- Suppressed some GCC warnings. See 8872.
- Fixed bug in pow for large integer arguments. See 8809.
- Fixed bug in pow for calculation of 0N. See 8798.
- Fixed bug in fixed precision cpp_int IO code that causes conversion to string to fail when the bit count is very small (less than CHAR_BIT). See 8745.
- Fixed bug in cpp_int that causes left shift to fail when a fixed precision type would overflow. See 8741.
- Fixed some cosmetic warnings from cpp_int. See 8748.
- Fixed calls to functions which are required to be macros in C99. See 8732.
- Fixed bug that causes construction from INT_MIN, LONG_MIN etc to fail in cpp_int. See 8711.

##### 1.54

- Breaking change renamed `rational_adapter` to `rational_adaptor`.
- Add support for MPFI.
- Add logged_adaptor.
- Add support for 128-bit floats via GCC's `__float128` or Intel's `_Quad` data types.
- Add support for user-defined literals in cpp_int, improve `constexpr` support.
- Fixed bug in integer division of `cpp_int` that results in incorrect sign of `cpp_int` when both arguments are small enough to fit in a `double_limb_type`. See 8126.
- Fixed bug in subtraction of a single limb in `cpp_int` that results in incorrect value when the result should have a 0 in the last limb: 8133.
- Fixed bug in `cpp_int` where division of 0 by something doesn't get zero in the result: 8160.
- Fixed bug in some transcendental functions that caused incorrect return values when variables are reused, for example with `a = pow(a, b)`. See 8326.
- Fixed some assignment operations in the mpfr and gmp backends to be safe if the target has been moved from: 8667.
- Fixed bug in `cpp_int` that gives incorrect answer for 0%N for large N: 8670.
- Fixed set_precision in mpfr backend so it doesn't trample over an existing value: 8692.

##### 1.53

- First Release.
- Fix bug in cpp_int division.
- Fix issue #7806.

##### Post review changes

- Non-expression template operators further optimised with rvalue reference support.
- Many functions made `constexp`.
- Differentiate between explicit and implicit conversions in the number constructor.
- Removed "mp_" prefix from types.
- Allowed mixed precision arithmetic.
- Changed ExpressionTemplates parameter to class `number` to use enumerated values rather than true/false.
- Changed ExpressionTemplate parameter default value to use a traits class so that the default value depends on the backend used.
- Added support for fused-multiply-add/subtract with GMP support.
- Tweaked expression template unpacking to use fewer temporaries when the LHS also appears in the RHS.
- Refactored `cpp_int_backend` based on review comments with new template parameter structure.
- Added additional template parameter to `mpfr_float_backend` to allow stack-based allocation.
- Added section on mixed precision arithmetic, and added support for operations yielding a higher precision result than either of the arguments.
- Added overloads of integer-specific functions for fundamental (built-in) integer types.

##### Pre-review history

- 2011-2012, John Maddock adds an expression template enabled front-end to Christopher's code, and adds support for other backends.
- 2011, Christopher Kormanyos publishes the decimal floating-point code under the Boost Software Licence. The code is published as: "Algorithm 910: A Portable C++ Multiple-Precision System for Special-Function Calculations", in ACM TOMS, {VOL 37, ISSUE 4, (February 2011)} (C) ACM, 2011.
- 2002-2011, Christopher Kormanyos develops the all C++ decimal arithmetic floating-point code.