/**
 * MathQuill: http://mathquill.com
 * by Jay and Han (laughinghan@gmail.com)
 *
 * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the
 * Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL
 * was not distributed with this file, You can obtain
 * one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 */

(function() {

var jQuery = window.jQuery,
  undefined,
  mqCmdId = 'mathquill-command-id',
  mqBlockId = 'mathquill-block-id',
  min = Math.min,
  max = Math.max;

function noop() {}

/**
 * A utility higher-order function that makes defining variadic
 * functions more convenient by letting you essentially define functions
 * with the last argument as a splat, i.e. the last argument "gathers up"
 * remaining arguments to the function:
 *   var doStuff = variadic(function(first, rest) { return rest; });
 *   doStuff(1, 2, 3); // => [2, 3]
 */
var __slice = [].slice;
function variadic(fn) {
  var numFixedArgs = fn.length - 1;
  return function() {
    var args = __slice.call(arguments, 0, numFixedArgs);
    var varArg = __slice.call(arguments, numFixedArgs);
    return fn.apply(this, args.concat([ varArg ]));
  };
}

/**
 * A utility higher-order function that makes combining object-oriented
 * programming and functional programming techniques more convenient:
 * given a method name and any number of arguments to be bound, returns
 * a function that calls it's first argument's method of that name (if
 * it exists) with the bound arguments and any additional arguments that
 * are passed:
 *   var sendMethod = send('method', 1, 2);
 *   var obj = { method: function() { return Array.apply(this, arguments); } };
 *   sendMethod(obj, 3, 4); // => [1, 2, 3, 4]
 *   // or more specifically,
 *   var obj2 = { method: function(one, two, three) { return one*two + three; } };
 *   sendMethod(obj2, 3); // => 5
 *   sendMethod(obj2, 4); // => 6
 */
var send = variadic(function(method, args) {
  return variadic(function(obj, moreArgs) {
    if (method in obj) return obj[method].apply(obj, args.concat(moreArgs));
  });
});

/**
 * A utility higher-order function that creates "implicit iterators"
 * from "generators": given a function that takes in a sole argument,
 * a "yield_" function, that calls "yield_" repeatedly with an object as
 * a sole argument (presumably objects being iterated over), returns
 * a function that calls it's first argument on each of those objects
 * (if the first argument is a function, it is called repeatedly with
 * each object as the first argument, otherwise it is stringified and
 * the method of that name is called on each object (if such a method
 * exists)), passing along all additional arguments:
 *   var a = [
 *     { method: function(list) { list.push(1); } },
 *     { method: function(list) { list.push(2); } },
 *     { method: function(list) { list.push(3); } }
 *   ];
 *   a.each = iterator(function(yield_) {
 *     for (var i in this) yield_(this[i]);
 *   });
 *   var list = [];
 *   a.each('method', list);
 *   list; // => [1, 2, 3]
 *   // Note that the for-in loop will yield 'each', but 'each' maps to
 *   // the function object created by iterator() which does not have a
 *   // .method() method, so that just fails silently.
 */
function iterator(generator) {
  return variadic(function(fn, args) {
    if (typeof fn !== 'function') fn = send(fn);
    var yield_ = function(obj) { return fn.apply(obj, [ obj ].concat(args)); };
    return generator.call(this, yield_);
  });
}

/**
 * sugar to make defining lots of commands easier.
 * TODO: rethink this.
 */
function bind(cons /*, args... */) {
  var args = __slice.call(arguments, 1);
  return function() {
    return cons.apply(this, args);
  };
}

/**
 * a development-only debug method.  This definition and all
 * calls to `pray` will be stripped from the minified
 * build of mathquill.
 *
 * This function must be called by name to be removed
 * at compile time.  Do not define another function
 * with the same name, and only call this function by
 * name.
 */
function pray(message, cond) {
  if (!cond) throw new Error('prayer failed: '+message);
}
var P = (function(prototype, ownProperty, undefined) {
  // helper functions that also help minification
  function isObject(o) { return typeof o === 'object'; }
  function isFunction(f) { return typeof f === 'function'; }

  // used to extend the prototypes of superclasses (which might not
  // have `.Bare`s)
  function SuperclassBare() {}

  return function P(_superclass /* = Object */, definition) {
    // handle the case where no superclass is given
    if (definition === undefined) {
      definition = _superclass;
      _superclass = Object;
    }

    // C is the class to be returned.
    //
    // It delegates to instantiating an instance of `Bare`, so that it
    // will always return a new instance regardless of the calling
    // context.
    //
    //  TODO: the Chrome inspector shows all created objects as `C`
    //        rather than `Object`.  Setting the .name property seems to
    //        have no effect.  Is there a way to override this behavior?
    function C() {
      var self = new Bare;
      if (isFunction(self.init)) self.init.apply(self, arguments);
      return self;
    }

    // C.Bare is a class with a noop constructor.  Its prototype is the
    // same as C, so that instances of C.Bare are also instances of C.
    // New objects can be allocated without initialization by calling
    // `new MyClass.Bare`.
    function Bare() {}
    C.Bare = Bare;

    // Set up the prototype of the new class.
    var _super = SuperclassBare[prototype] = _superclass[prototype];
    var proto = Bare[prototype] = C[prototype] = C.p = new SuperclassBare;

    // other variables, as a minifier optimization
    var extensions;


    // set the constructor property on the prototype, for convenience
    proto.constructor = C;

    C.mixin = function(def) {
      Bare[prototype] = C[prototype] = P(C, def)[prototype];
      return C;
    }

    return (C.open = function(def) {
      extensions = {};

      if (isFunction(def)) {
        // call the defining function with all the arguments you need
        // extensions captures the return value.
        extensions = def.call(C, proto, _super, C, _superclass);
      }
      else if (isObject(def)) {
        // if you passed an object instead, we'll take it
        extensions = def;
      }

      // ...and extend it
      if (isObject(extensions)) {
        for (var ext in extensions) {
          if (ownProperty.call(extensions, ext)) {
            proto[ext] = extensions[ext];
          }
        }
      }

      // if there's no init, we assume we're inheriting a non-pjs class, so
      // we default to applying the superclass's constructor.
      if (!isFunction(proto.init)) {
        proto.init = _superclass;
      }

      return C;
    })(definition);
  }

  // as a minifier optimization, we've closured in a few helper functions
  // and the string 'prototype' (C[p] is much shorter than C.prototype)
})('prototype', ({}).hasOwnProperty);
/*************************************************
 * Base classes of edit tree-related objects
 *
 * Only doing tree node manipulation via these
 * adopt/ disown methods guarantees well-formedness
 * of the tree.
 ************************************************/

// L = 'left'
// R = 'right'
//
// the contract is that they can be used as object properties
// and (-L) === R, and (-R) === L.
var L = MathQuill.L = -1;
var R = MathQuill.R = 1;

function prayDirection(dir) {
  pray('a direction was passed', dir === L || dir === R);
}

/**
 * Tiny extension of jQuery adding directionalized DOM manipulation methods.
 *
 * Funny how Pjs v3 almost just works with `jQuery.fn.init`.
 *
 * jQuery features that don't work on $:
 *   - jQuery.*, like jQuery.ajax, obviously (Pjs doesn't and shouldn't
 *                                            copy constructor properties)
 *
 *   - jQuery(function), the shortcut for `jQuery(document).ready(function)`,
 *     because `jQuery.fn.init` is idiosyncratic and Pjs doing, essentially,
 *     `jQuery.fn.init.apply(this, arguments)` isn't quite right, you need:
 *
 *       _.init = function(s, c) { jQuery.fn.init.call(this, s, c, $(document)); };
 *
 *     if you actually give a shit (really, don't bother),
 *     see https://github.com/jquery/jquery/blob/1.7.2/src/core.js#L889
 *
 *   - jQuery(selector), because jQuery translates that to
 *     `jQuery(document).find(selector)`, but Pjs doesn't (should it?) let
 *     you override the result of a constructor call
 *       + note that because of the jQuery(document) shortcut-ness, there's also
 *         the 3rd-argument-needs-to-be-`$(document)` thing above, but the fix
 *         for that (as can be seen above) is really easy. This problem requires
 *         a way more intrusive fix
 *
 * And that's it! Everything else just magically works because jQuery internally
 * uses `this.constructor()` everywhere (hence calling `$`), but never ever does
 * `this.constructor.find` or anything like that, always doing `jQuery.find`.
 */
var $ = P(jQuery, function(_) {
  _.insDirOf = function(dir, el) {
    return dir === L ?
      this.insertBefore(el.first()) : this.insertAfter(el.last());
  };
  _.insAtDirEnd = function(dir, el) {
    return dir === L ? this.prependTo(el) : this.appendTo(el);
  };
});

var Point = P(function(_) {
  _.parent = 0;
  _[L] = 0;
  _[R] = 0;

  _.init = function(parent, leftward, rightward) {
    this.parent = parent;
    this[L] = leftward;
    this[R] = rightward;
  };

  this.copy = function(pt) {
    return Point(pt.parent, pt[L], pt[R]);
  };
});

/**
 * MathQuill virtual-DOM tree-node abstract base class
 */
var Node = P(function(_) {
  _[L] = 0;
  _[R] = 0
  _.parent = 0;

  var id = 0;
  function uniqueNodeId() { return id += 1; }
  this.byId = {};

  _.init = function() {
    this.id = uniqueNodeId();
    Node.byId[this.id] = this;

    this.ends = {};
    this.ends[L] = 0;
    this.ends[R] = 0;
  };

  _.dispose = function() { delete Node.byId[this.id]; };

  _.toString = function() { return '{{ MathQuill Node #'+this.id+' }}'; };

  _.jQ = $();
  _.jQadd = function(jQ) { return this.jQ = this.jQ.add(jQ); };
  _.jQize = function(jQ) {
    // jQuery-ifies this.html() and links up the .jQ of all corresponding Nodes
    var jQ = $(jQ || this.html());

    function jQadd(el) {
      if (el.getAttribute) {
        var cmdId = el.getAttribute('mathquill-command-id');
        var blockId = el.getAttribute('mathquill-block-id');
        if (cmdId) Node.byId[cmdId].jQadd(el);
        if (blockId) Node.byId[blockId].jQadd(el);
      }
      for (el = el.firstChild; el; el = el.nextSibling) {
        jQadd(el);
      }
    }

    for (var i = 0; i < jQ.length; i += 1) jQadd(jQ[i]);
    return jQ;
  };

  _.createDir = function(dir, cursor) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    var node = this;
    node.jQize();
    node.jQ.insDirOf(dir, cursor.jQ);
    cursor[dir] = node.adopt(cursor.parent, cursor[L], cursor[R]);
    return node;
  };
  _.createLeftOf = function(el) { return this.createDir(L, el); };

  _.selectChildren = function(leftEnd, rightEnd) {
    return Selection(leftEnd, rightEnd);
  };

  _.bubble = iterator(function(yield_) {
    for (var ancestor = this; ancestor; ancestor = ancestor.parent) {
      var result = yield_(ancestor);
      if (result === false) break;
    }

    return this;
  });

  _.postOrder = iterator(function(yield_) {
    (function recurse(descendant) {
      descendant.eachChild(recurse);
      yield_(descendant);
    })(this);

    return this;
  });

  _.isEmpty = function() {
    return this.ends[L] === 0 && this.ends[R] === 0;
  };

  _.children = function() {
    return Fragment(this.ends[L], this.ends[R]);
  };

  _.eachChild = function() {
    var children = this.children();
    children.each.apply(children, arguments);
    return this;
  };

  _.foldChildren = function(fold, fn) {
    return this.children().fold(fold, fn);
  };

  _.withDirAdopt = function(dir, parent, withDir, oppDir) {
    Fragment(this, this).withDirAdopt(dir, parent, withDir, oppDir);
    return this;
  };

  _.adopt = function(parent, leftward, rightward) {
    Fragment(this, this).adopt(parent, leftward, rightward);
    return this;
  };

  _.disown = function() {
    Fragment(this, this).disown();
    return this;
  };

  _.remove = function() {
    this.jQ.remove();
    this.postOrder('dispose');
    return this.disown();
  };
});

function prayWellFormed(parent, leftward, rightward) {
  pray('a parent is always present', parent);
  pray('leftward is properly set up', (function() {
    // either it's empty and `rightward` is the left end child (possibly empty)
    if (!leftward) return parent.ends[L] === rightward;

    // or it's there and its [R] and .parent are properly set up
    return leftward[R] === rightward && leftward.parent === parent;
  })());

  pray('rightward is properly set up', (function() {
    // either it's empty and `leftward` is the right end child (possibly empty)
    if (!rightward) return parent.ends[R] === leftward;

    // or it's there and its [L] and .parent are properly set up
    return rightward[L] === leftward && rightward.parent === parent;
  })());
}


/**
 * An entity outside the virtual tree with one-way pointers (so it's only a
 * "view" of part of the tree, not an actual node/entity in the tree) that
 * delimits a doubly-linked list of sibling nodes.
 * It's like a fanfic love-child between HTML DOM DocumentFragment and the Range
 * classes: like DocumentFragment, its contents must be sibling nodes
 * (unlike Range, whose contents are arbitrary contiguous pieces of subtrees),
 * but like Range, it has only one-way pointers to its contents, its contents
 * have no reference to it and in fact may still be in the visible tree (unlike
 * DocumentFragment, whose contents must be detached from the visible tree
 * and have their 'parent' pointers set to the DocumentFragment).
 */
var Fragment = P(function(_) {
  _.init = function(withDir, oppDir, dir) {
    if (dir === undefined) dir = L;
    prayDirection(dir);

    pray('no half-empty fragments', !withDir === !oppDir);

    this.ends = {};

    if (!withDir) return;

    pray('withDir is passed to Fragment', withDir instanceof Node);
    pray('oppDir is passed to Fragment', oppDir instanceof Node);
    pray('withDir and oppDir have the same parent',
         withDir.parent === oppDir.parent);

    this.ends[dir] = withDir;
    this.ends[-dir] = oppDir;

    this.jQ = this.fold(this.jQ, function(jQ, el) { return jQ.add(el.jQ); });
  };
  _.jQ = $();

  // like Cursor::withDirInsertAt(dir, parent, withDir, oppDir)
  _.withDirAdopt = function(dir, parent, withDir, oppDir) {
    return (dir === L ? this.adopt(parent, withDir, oppDir)
                      : this.adopt(parent, oppDir, withDir));
  };
  _.adopt = function(parent, leftward, rightward) {
    prayWellFormed(parent, leftward, rightward);

    var self = this;
    self.disowned = false;

    var leftEnd = self.ends[L];
    if (!leftEnd) return this;

    var rightEnd = self.ends[R];

    if (leftward) {
      // NB: this is handled in the ::each() block
      // leftward[R] = leftEnd
    } else {
      parent.ends[L] = leftEnd;
    }

    if (rightward) {
      rightward[L] = rightEnd;
    } else {
      parent.ends[R] = rightEnd;
    }

    self.ends[R][R] = rightward;

    self.each(function(el) {
      el[L] = leftward;
      el.parent = parent;
      if (leftward) leftward[R] = el;

      leftward = el;
    });

    return self;
  };

  _.disown = function() {
    var self = this;
    var leftEnd = self.ends[L];

    // guard for empty and already-disowned fragments
    if (!leftEnd || self.disowned) return self;

    self.disowned = true;

    var rightEnd = self.ends[R]
    var parent = leftEnd.parent;

    prayWellFormed(parent, leftEnd[L], leftEnd);
    prayWellFormed(parent, rightEnd, rightEnd[R]);

    if (leftEnd[L]) {
      leftEnd[L][R] = rightEnd[R];
    } else {
      parent.ends[L] = rightEnd[R];
    }

    if (rightEnd[R]) {
      rightEnd[R][L] = leftEnd[L];
    } else {
      parent.ends[R] = leftEnd[L];
    }

    return self;
  };

  _.remove = function() {
    this.jQ.remove();
    this.each('postOrder', 'dispose');
    return this.disown();
  };

  _.each = iterator(function(yield_) {
    var self = this;
    var el = self.ends[L];
    if (!el) return self;

    for (; el !== self.ends[R][R]; el = el[R]) {
      var result = yield_(el);
      if (result === false) break;
    }

    return self;
  });

  _.fold = function(fold, fn) {
    this.each(function(el) {
      fold = fn.call(this, fold, el);
    });

    return fold;
  };
});


/**
 * Registry of LaTeX commands and commands created when typing
 * a single character.
 *
 * (Commands are all subclasses of Node.)
 */
var LatexCmds = {}, CharCmds = {};
/********************************************
 * Cursor and Selection "singleton" classes
 *******************************************/

/* The main thing that manipulates the Math DOM. Makes sure to manipulate the
HTML DOM to match. */

/* Sort of singletons, since there should only be one per editable math
textbox, but any one HTML document can contain many such textboxes, so any one
JS environment could actually contain many instances. */

//A fake cursor in the fake textbox that the math is rendered in.
var Cursor = P(Point, function(_) {
  _.init = function(initParent) {
    this.parent = initParent;
    var jQ = this.jQ = this._jQ = $('<span class="mq-cursor">&#8203;</span>');

    //closured for setInterval
    this.blink = function(){ jQ.toggleClass('mq-blink'); };

    this.upDownCache = {};
  };

  _.show = function() {
    this.jQ = this._jQ.removeClass('mq-blink');
    if ('intervalId' in this) //already was shown, just restart interval
      clearInterval(this.intervalId);
    else { //was hidden and detached, insert this.jQ back into HTML DOM
      if (this[R]) {
        if (this.selection && this.selection.ends[L][L] === this[L])
          this.jQ.insertBefore(this.selection.jQ);
        else
          this.jQ.insertBefore(this[R].jQ.first());
      }
      else
        this.jQ.appendTo(this.parent.jQ);
      this.parent.focus();
    }
    this.intervalId = setInterval(this.blink, 500);
    return this;
  };
  _.hide = function() {
    if ('intervalId' in this)
      clearInterval(this.intervalId);
    delete this.intervalId;
    this.jQ.detach();
    this.jQ = $();
    return this;
  };

  _.withDirInsertAt = function(dir, parent, withDir, oppDir) {
    if (parent !== this.parent && this.parent.blur) this.parent.blur();
    this.parent = parent;
    this[dir] = withDir;
    this[-dir] = oppDir;
  };
  _.insDirOf = function(dir, el) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    this.withDirInsertAt(dir, el.parent, el[dir], el);
    this.parent.jQ.addClass('mq-hasCursor');
    this.jQ.insDirOf(dir, el.jQ);
    return this;
  };
  _.insLeftOf = function(el) { return this.insDirOf(L, el); };
  _.insRightOf = function(el) { return this.insDirOf(R, el); };

  _.insAtDirEnd = function(dir, el) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    this.withDirInsertAt(dir, el, 0, el.ends[dir]);
    this.jQ.insAtDirEnd(dir, el.jQ);
    el.focus();
    return this;
  };
  _.insAtLeftEnd = function(el) { return this.insAtDirEnd(L, el); };
  _.insAtRightEnd = function(el) { return this.insAtDirEnd(R, el); };

  /**
   * jump up or down from one block Node to another:
   * - cache the current Point in the node we're jumping from
   * - check if there's a Point in it cached for the node we're jumping to
   *   + if so put the cursor there,
   *   + if not seek a position in the node that is horizontally closest to
   *     the cursor's current position
   */
  _.jumpUpDown = function(from, to) {
    var self = this;
    self.upDownCache[from.id] = Point.copy(self);
    var cached = self.upDownCache[to.id];
    if (cached) {
      cached[R] ? self.insLeftOf(cached[R]) : self.insAtRightEnd(cached.parent);
    }
    else {
      var pageX = self.offset().left;
      to.seek(pageX, self);
    }
  };
  _.offset = function() {
    //in Opera 11.62, .getBoundingClientRect() and hence jQuery::offset()
    //returns all 0's on inline elements with negative margin-right (like
    //the cursor) at the end of their parent, so temporarily remove the
    //negative margin-right when calling jQuery::offset()
    //Opera bug DSK-360043
    //http://bugs.jquery.com/ticket/11523
    //https://github.com/jquery/jquery/pull/717
    var self = this, offset = self.jQ.removeClass('mq-cursor').offset();
    self.jQ.addClass('mq-cursor');
    return offset;
  }
  _.insertCmd = function(latexCmd, replacedFragment) {
    var cmd = LatexCmds[latexCmd];
    if (cmd) {
      cmd = cmd(latexCmd);
      if (replacedFragment) cmd.replaces(replacedFragment);
      cmd.createLeftOf(this);
    }
    else {
      cmd = TextBlock();
      cmd.replaces(latexCmd);
      cmd.createLeftOf(this);
      this.insRightOf(cmd);
      if (replacedFragment)
        replacedFragment.remove();
    }
    return this;
  };
  _.unwrapGramp = function() {
    var gramp = this.parent.parent;
    var greatgramp = gramp.parent;
    var rightward = gramp[R];
    var cursor = this;

    var leftward = gramp[L];
    gramp.disown().eachChild(function(uncle) {
      if (uncle.isEmpty()) return;

      uncle.children()
        .adopt(greatgramp, leftward, rightward)
        .each(function(cousin) {
          cousin.jQ.insertBefore(gramp.jQ.first());
        })
      ;

      leftward = uncle.ends[R];
    });

    if (!this[R]) { //then find something to be rightward to insLeftOf
      if (this[L])
        this[R] = this[L][R];
      else {
        while (!this[R]) {
          this.parent = this.parent[R];
          if (this.parent)
            this[R] = this.parent.ends[L];
          else {
            this[R] = gramp[R];
            this.parent = greatgramp;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (this[R])
      this.insLeftOf(this[R]);
    else
      this.insAtRightEnd(greatgramp);

    gramp.jQ.remove();

    if (gramp[L].siblingDeleted) gramp[L].siblingDeleted(R);
    if (gramp[R].siblingDeleted) gramp[R].siblingDeleted(L);
  };
  _.startSelection = function() {
    var anticursor = this.anticursor = Point.copy(this);
    var ancestors = anticursor.ancestors = {}; // a map from each ancestor of
      // the anticursor, to its child that is also an ancestor; in other words,
      // the anticursor's ancestor chain in reverse order
    for (var ancestor = anticursor; ancestor.parent; ancestor = ancestor.parent) {
      ancestors[ancestor.parent.id] = ancestor;
    }
  };
  _.endSelection = function() {
    delete this.anticursor;
  };
  _.select = function() {
    var anticursor = this.anticursor;
    if (this[L] === anticursor[L] && this.parent === anticursor.parent) return false;

    // Find the lowest common ancestor (`lca`), and the ancestor of the cursor
    // whose parent is the LCA (which'll be an end of the selection fragment).
    for (var ancestor = this; ancestor.parent; ancestor = ancestor.parent) {
      if (ancestor.parent.id in anticursor.ancestors) {
        var lca = ancestor.parent;
        break;
      }
    }
    pray('cursor and anticursor in the same tree', lca);
    // The cursor and the anticursor should be in the same tree, because the
    // mousemove handler attached to the document, unlike the one attached to
    // the root HTML DOM element, doesn't try to get the math tree node of the
    // mousemove target, and Cursor::seek() based solely on coordinates stays
    // within the tree of `this` cursor's root.

    // The other end of the selection fragment, the ancestor of the anticursor
    // whose parent is the LCA.
    var antiAncestor = anticursor.ancestors[lca.id];

    // Now we have two either Nodes or Points, guaranteed to have a common
    // parent and guaranteed that if both are Points, they are not the same,
    // and we have to figure out which is the left end and which the right end
    // of the selection.
    var leftEnd, rightEnd, dir = R;

    // This is an extremely subtle algorithm.
    // As a special case, `ancestor` could be a Point and `antiAncestor` a Node
    // immediately to `ancestor`'s left.
    // In all other cases,
    // - both Nodes
    // - `ancestor` a Point and `antiAncestor` a Node
    // - `ancestor` a Node and `antiAncestor` a Point
    // `antiAncestor[R] === rightward[R]` for some `rightward` that is
    // `ancestor` or to its right, if and only if `antiAncestor` is to
    // the right of `ancestor`.
    if (ancestor[L] !== antiAncestor) {
      for (var rightward = ancestor; rightward; rightward = rightward[R]) {
        if (rightward[R] === antiAncestor[R]) {
          dir = L;
          leftEnd = ancestor;
          rightEnd = antiAncestor;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (dir === R) {
      leftEnd = antiAncestor;
      rightEnd = ancestor;
    }

    // only want to select Nodes up to Points, can't select Points themselves
    if (leftEnd instanceof Point) leftEnd = leftEnd[R];
    if (rightEnd instanceof Point) rightEnd = rightEnd[L];

    this.hide().selection = lca.selectChildren(leftEnd, rightEnd);
    this.insDirOf(dir, this.selection.ends[dir]);
    this.selectionChanged();
    return true;
  };

  _.clearSelection = function() {
    if (this.selection) {
      this.selection.clear();
      delete this.selection;
      this.selectionChanged();
    }
    return this;
  };
  _.deleteSelection = function() {
    if (!this.selection) return;

    this[L] = this.selection.ends[L][L];
    this[R] = this.selection.ends[R][R];
    this.selection.remove();
    this.selectionChanged();
    delete this.selection;
  };
  _.replaceSelection = function() {
    var seln = this.selection;
    if (seln) {
      this[L] = seln.ends[L][L];
      this[R] = seln.ends[R][R];
      this.selectionChanged();
      delete this.selection;
    }
    return seln;
  };
});

var Selection = P(Fragment, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function() {
    super_.init.apply(this, arguments);
    this.jQ = this.jQ.wrapAll('<span class="mq-selection"></span>').parent();
      //can't do wrapAll(this.jQ = $(...)) because wrapAll will clone it
  };
  _.adopt = function() {
    this.jQ.replaceWith(this.jQ = this.jQ.children());
    return super_.adopt.apply(this, arguments);
  };
  _.clear = function() {
    // using the browser's native .childNodes property so that we
    // don't discard text nodes.
    this.jQ.replaceWith(this.jQ[0].childNodes);
    return this;
  };
  _.join = function(methodName) {
    return this.fold('', function(fold, child) {
      return fold + child[methodName]();
    });
  };
});
/*********************************************
 * Controller for a MathQuill instance,
 * on which services are registered with
 * Controller.open(function(_) { ... });
 ********************************************/

var Controller = P(function(_) {
  _.init = function(root, container, options) {
    this.root = root;
    this.cursor = Cursor(root);
    this.container = container;
    this.options = options || 0;
  };

  var notifyees = [];
  this.onNotify = function(f) { notifyees.push(f); };
  _.notify = function() {
    for (var i = 0; i < notifyees.length; i += 1) {
      notifyees[i].apply(this.cursor, arguments);
    }
    return this;
  };
});
/*********************************************************
 * The publicly exposed MathQuill API.
 ********************************************************/

/**
 * Global function that takes an HTML element and, if it's the root HTML element
 * of a static math or math or text field, returns its API object (if not, null).
 * Identity of API object guaranteed if called multiple times, i.e.:
 *
 *   var mathfield = MathQuill.MathField(mathFieldSpan);
 *   assert(MathQuill(mathFieldSpan) === mathfield);
 *   assert(MathQuill(mathFieldSpan) === MathQuill(mathFieldSpan));
 *
 */
function MathQuill(el) {
  if (!el || !el.nodeType) return null; // check that `el` is a HTML element, using the
    // same technique as jQuery: https://github.com/jquery/jquery/blob/679536ee4b7a92ae64a5f58d90e9cc38c001e807/src/core/init.js#L92
  var blockId = $(el).children('.mq-root-block').attr(mqBlockId);
  return blockId ? Node.byId[blockId].controller.API : null;
};

MathQuill.noConflict = function() {
  window.MathQuill = origMathQuill;
  return MathQuill;
};
var origMathQuill = window.MathQuill;
window.MathQuill = MathQuill;

/**
 * Publicly export functions that MathQuill-ify an HTML element and return an
 * API object. If it had already been MathQuill-ified into the same kind, return
 * the original API object (if different or not an HTML element, null).
 *
 * Always returns either an instance of itself, or null.
 */
function setMathQuillDot(name, API) {
  MathQuill[name] = function(el, opts) {
    var mq = MathQuill(el);
    if (mq instanceof API || !el || !el.nodeType) return mq;
    return API($(el), opts);
  };
  MathQuill[name].prototype = API.prototype;
}

var AbstractMathQuill = P(function(_) {
  _.init = function() { throw "wtf don't call me, I'm 'abstract'"; };
  _.initRoot = function(root, el, opts) {
    root.jQ = $('<span class="mq-root-block"/>').attr(mqBlockId, root.id)
      .appendTo(el);
    var ctrlr = this.controller = root.controller = Controller(root, el, opts);
    ctrlr.API = this;
    root.cursor = ctrlr.cursor; // TODO: stop depending on root.cursor, and rm it
    ctrlr.createTextarea();
  };
  _.initExtractContents = function(el) {
    var contents = el.contents().detach();
    this.revert = function() {
      return el.empty().unbind('.mathquill')
      .removeClass('mq-editable-field mq-math-mode mq-text-mode')
      .append(contents);
    };
    return contents.text();
  };
  _.el = function() { return this.controller.container[0]; };
  _.text = function() { return this.controller.exportText(); };
  _.latex = function(latex) {
    if (arguments.length > 0) {
      this.controller.renderLatexMath(latex);
      if (this.controller.blurred) this.controller.cursor.hide().parent.blur();
      return this;
    }
    return this.controller.exportLatex();
  };
  _.html = function() {
    return this.controller.root.jQ.html()
      .replace(/ mathquill-(?:command|block)-id="?\d+"?/g, '')
      .replace(/<span class="?mq-cursor( mq-blink)?"?>.?<\/span>/i, '')
      .replace(/ mq-hasCursor|mq-hasCursor ?/, '')
      .replace(/ class=(""|(?= |>))/g, '');
  };
  _.redraw = function() {
    this.controller.root.postOrder('edited');
    return this;
  };
});
MathQuill.prototype = AbstractMathQuill.prototype;

setMathQuillDot('StaticMath', P(AbstractMathQuill, function(_) {
  _.init = function(el) {
    var contents = this.initExtractContents(el);
    this.initRoot(MathBlock(), el.addClass('mq-math-mode'));
    this.controller.renderLatexMath(contents);
    this.controller.delegateMouseEvents();
    this.controller.staticMathTextareaEvents();
  };
}));

var EditableField = MathQuill.EditableField = P(AbstractMathQuill, function(_) {
  _.initEvents = function() {
    this.controller.editable = true;
    this.controller.delegateMouseEvents();
    this.controller.editablesTextareaEvents();
  };
  _.focus = function() { this.controller.textarea.focus(); return this; };
  _.blur = function() { this.controller.textarea.blur(); return this; };
  _.write = function(latex) {
    this.controller.writeLatex(latex);
    if (this.controller.blurred) this.controller.cursor.hide().parent.blur();
    return this;
  };
  _.cmd = function(cmd) {
    var ctrlr = this.controller.notify(), cursor = ctrlr.cursor.show(),
      seln = cursor.replaceSelection();
    if (/^\\[a-z]+$/i.test(cmd)) cursor.insertCmd(cmd.slice(1), seln);
    else cursor.parent.write(cursor, cmd, seln);
    if (ctrlr.blurred) cursor.hide().parent.blur();
    return this;
  };
  _.select = function() {
    var ctrlr = this.controller;
    ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtRightEnd(ctrlr.root);
    while (ctrlr.cursor[L]) ctrlr.selectLeft();
    return this;
  };
  _.clearSelection = function() {
    this.controller.cursor.clearSelection();
    return this;
  };

  _.moveToDirEnd = function(dir) {
    this.controller.notify('move').cursor.insAtDirEnd(dir, this.controller.root);
    return this;
  };
  _.moveToLeftEnd = function() { return this.moveToDirEnd(L); };
  _.moveToRightEnd = function() { return this.moveToDirEnd(R); };

  _.keystroke = function(keys) {
    var keys = keys.replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, '').split(/\s+/);
    for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i += 1) {
      this.controller.keystroke(keys[i], { preventDefault: noop });
    }
    return this;
  };
  _.typedText = function(text) {
    for (var i = 0; i < text.length; i += 1) this.controller.typedText(text.charAt(i));
    return this;
  };
});

function RootBlockMixin(_) {
  _.handlers = {};
  _.setHandlers = function(handlers, extraArg) {
    if (!handlers) return;
    this.handlers = handlers;
    this.extraArg = extraArg; // extra context arg for handlers
  };

  var names = 'moveOutOf deleteOutOf selectOutOf upOutOf downOutOf edited'.split(' ');
  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; i += 1) (function(name) {
    _[name] = (i < 3
      ? function(dir) { if (this.handlers[name]) this.handlers[name](dir, this.extraArg); }
      : function() { if (this.handlers[name]) this.handlers[name](this.extraArg); });
  }(names[i]));
}

setMathQuillDot('MathField', P(EditableField, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(el, opts) {
    var contents = this.initExtractContents(el);
    el.addClass('mq-editable-field mq-math-mode');
    this.initRoot(RootMathBlock(), el, opts);
    this.controller.root.setHandlers(opts && opts.handlers, this);
    this.controller.renderLatexMath(contents);
    this.initEvents();
  };
}));
setMathQuillDot('TextField', P(EditableField, function(_) {
  _.init = function(el) {
    var contents = this.initExtractContents(el);
    el.addClass('mq-editable-field mq-text-mode');
    this.initRoot(RootTextBlock(), el);
    this.controller.renderLatexText(contents);
    this.initEvents();
  };
  _.latex = function(latex) {
    if (arguments.length > 0) {
      this.controller.renderLatexText(latex);
      if (this.controller.blurred) this.controller.cursor.hide().parent.blur();
      return this;
    }
    return this.controller.exportLatex();
  };
}));
var Parser = P(function(_, super_, Parser) {
  // The Parser object is a wrapper for a parser function.
  // Externally, you use one to parse a string by calling
  //   var result = SomeParser.parse('Me Me Me! Parse Me!');
  // You should never call the constructor, rather you should
  // construct your Parser from the base parsers and the
  // parser combinator methods.

  function parseError(stream, message) {
    if (stream) {
      stream = "'"+stream+"'";
    }
    else {
      stream = 'EOF';
    }

    throw 'Parse Error: '+message+' at '+stream;
  }

  _.init = function(body) { this._ = body; };

  _.parse = function(stream) {
    return this.skip(eof)._(stream, success, parseError);

    function success(stream, result) { return result; }
  };

  // -*- primitive combinators -*- //
  _.or = function(alternative) {
    pray('or is passed a parser', alternative instanceof Parser);

    var self = this;

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      return self._(stream, onSuccess, failure);

      function failure(newStream) {
        return alternative._(stream, onSuccess, onFailure);
      }
    });
  };

  _.then = function(next) {
    var self = this;

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      return self._(stream, success, onFailure);

      function success(newStream, result) {
        var nextParser = (next instanceof Parser ? next : next(result));
        pray('a parser is returned', nextParser instanceof Parser);
        return nextParser._(newStream, onSuccess, onFailure);
      }
    });
  };

  // -*- optimized iterative combinators -*- //
  _.many = function() {
    var self = this;

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      var xs = [];
      while (self._(stream, success, failure));
      return onSuccess(stream, xs);

      function success(newStream, x) {
        stream = newStream;
        xs.push(x);
        return true;
      }

      function failure() {
        return false;
      }
    });
  };

  _.times = function(min, max) {
    if (arguments.length < 2) max = min;
    var self = this;

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      var xs = [];
      var result = true;
      var failure;

      for (var i = 0; i < min; i += 1) {
        result = self._(stream, success, firstFailure);
        if (!result) return onFailure(stream, failure);
      }

      for (; i < max && result; i += 1) {
        result = self._(stream, success, secondFailure);
      }

      return onSuccess(stream, xs);

      function success(newStream, x) {
        xs.push(x);
        stream = newStream;
        return true;
      }

      function firstFailure(newStream, msg) {
        failure = msg;
        stream = newStream;
        return false;
      }

      function secondFailure(newStream, msg) {
        return false;
      }
    });
  };

  // -*- higher-level combinators -*- //
  _.result = function(res) { return this.then(succeed(res)); };
  _.atMost = function(n) { return this.times(0, n); };
  _.atLeast = function(n) {
    var self = this;
    return self.times(n).then(function(start) {
      return self.many().map(function(end) {
        return start.concat(end);
      });
    });
  };

  _.map = function(fn) {
    return this.then(function(result) { return succeed(fn(result)); });
  };

  _.skip = function(two) {
    return this.then(function(result) { return two.result(result); });
  };

  // -*- primitive parsers -*- //
  var string = this.string = function(str) {
    var len = str.length;
    var expected = "expected '"+str+"'";

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      var head = stream.slice(0, len);

      if (head === str) {
        return onSuccess(stream.slice(len), head);
      }
      else {
        return onFailure(stream, expected);
      }
    });
  };

  var regex = this.regex = function(re) {
    pray('regexp parser is anchored', re.toString().charAt(1) === '^');

    var expected = 'expected '+re;

    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
      var match = re.exec(stream);

      if (match) {
        var result = match[0];
        return onSuccess(stream.slice(result.length), result);
      }
      else {
        return onFailure(stream, expected);
      }
    });
  };

  var succeed = Parser.succeed = function(result) {
    return Parser(function(stream, onSuccess) {
      return onSuccess(stream, result);
    });
  };

  var fail = Parser.fail = function(msg) {
    return Parser(function(stream, _, onFailure) {
      return onFailure(stream, msg);
    });
  };

  var letter = Parser.letter = regex(/^[a-z]/i);
  var letters = Parser.letters = regex(/^[a-z]*/i);
  var digit = Parser.digit = regex(/^[0-9]/);
  var digits = Parser.digits = regex(/^[0-9]*/);
  var whitespace = Parser.whitespace = regex(/^\s+/);
  var optWhitespace = Parser.optWhitespace = regex(/^\s*/);

  var any = Parser.any = Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
    if (!stream) return onFailure(stream, 'expected any character');

    return onSuccess(stream.slice(1), stream.charAt(0));
  });

  var all = Parser.all = Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
    return onSuccess('', stream);
  });

  var eof = Parser.eof = Parser(function(stream, onSuccess, onFailure) {
    if (stream) return onFailure(stream, 'expected EOF');

    return onSuccess(stream, stream);
  });
});
/*************************************************
 * Sane Keyboard Events Shim
 *
 * An abstraction layer wrapping the textarea in
 * an object with methods to manipulate and listen
 * to events on, that hides all the nasty cross-
 * browser incompatibilities behind a uniform API.
 *
 * Design goal: This is a *HARD* internal
 * abstraction barrier. Cross-browser
 * inconsistencies are not allowed to leak through
 * and be dealt with by event handlers. All future
 * cross-browser issues that arise must be dealt
 * with here, and if necessary, the API updated.
 *
 * Organization:
 * - key values map and stringify()
 * - saneKeyboardEvents()
 *    + defer() and flush()
 *    + event handler logic
 *    + attach event handlers and export methods
 ************************************************/

var saneKeyboardEvents = (function() {
  // The following [key values][1] map was compiled from the
  // [DOM3 Events appendix section on key codes][2] and
  // [a widely cited report on cross-browser tests of key codes][3],
  // except for 10: 'Enter', which I've empirically observed in Safari on iOS
  // and doesn't appear to conflict with any other known key codes.
  //
  // [1]: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20120614/#keys-keyvalues
  // [2]: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-DOM-Level-3-Events-20120614/#fixed-virtual-key-codes
  // [3]: http://unixpapa.com/js/key.html
  var KEY_VALUES = {
    8: 'Backspace',
    9: 'Tab',

    10: 'Enter', // for Safari on iOS

    13: 'Enter',

    16: 'Shift',
    17: 'Control',
    18: 'Alt',
    20: 'CapsLock',

    27: 'Esc',

    32: 'Spacebar',

    33: 'PageUp',
    34: 'PageDown',
    35: 'End',
    36: 'Home',

    37: 'Left',
    38: 'Up',
    39: 'Right',
    40: 'Down',

    45: 'Insert',

    46: 'Del',

    144: 'NumLock'
  };

  // To the extent possible, create a normalized string representation
  // of the key combo (i.e., key code and modifier keys).
  function stringify(evt) {
    var which = evt.which || evt.keyCode;
    var keyVal = KEY_VALUES[which];
    var key;
    var modifiers = [];

    if (evt.ctrlKey) modifiers.push('Ctrl');
    if (evt.originalEvent && evt.originalEvent.metaKey) modifiers.push('Meta');
    if (evt.altKey) modifiers.push('Alt');
    if (evt.shiftKey) modifiers.push('Shift');

    key = keyVal || String.fromCharCode(which);

    if (!modifiers.length && !keyVal) return key;

    modifiers.push(key);
    return modifiers.join('-');
  }

  // create a keyboard events shim that calls callbacks at useful times
  // and exports useful public methods
  return function saneKeyboardEvents(el, handlers) {
    var keydown = null;
    var keypress = null;

    var textarea = jQuery(el);
    var target = jQuery(handlers.container || textarea);

    // checkTextareaFor() is called after keypress or paste events to
    // say "Hey, I think something was just typed" or "pasted" (resp.),
    // so that at all subsequent opportune times (next event or timeout),
    // will check for expected typed or pasted text.
    // Need to check repeatedly because #135: in Safari 5.1 (at least),
    // after selecting something and then typing, the textarea is
    // incorrectly reported as selected during the input event (but not
    // subsequently).
    var checkTextarea = noop, timeoutId;
    function checkTextareaFor(checker) {
      checkTextarea = checker;
      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
      timeoutId = setTimeout(checker);
    }
    target.bind('keydown keypress input keyup focusout paste', function() { checkTextarea(); });


    // -*- public methods -*- //
    function select(text) {
      // check textarea at least once/one last time before munging (so
      // no race condition if selection happens after keypress/paste but
      // before checkTextarea), then never again ('cos it's been munged)
      checkTextarea();
      checkTextarea = noop;
      clearTimeout(timeoutId);

      textarea.val(text);
      if (text) textarea[0].select();
      shouldBeSelected = !!text;
    }
    var shouldBeSelected = false;

    // -*- helper subroutines -*- //

    // Determine whether there's a selection in the textarea.
    // This will always return false in IE < 9, which don't support
    // HTMLTextareaElement::selection{Start,End}.
    function hasSelection() {
      var dom = textarea[0];

      if (!('selectionStart' in dom)) return false;
      return dom.selectionStart !== dom.selectionEnd;
    }

    function handleKey() {
      handlers.keystroke(stringify(keydown), keydown);
    }

    // -*- event handlers -*- //
    function onKeydown(e) {
      keydown = e;
      keypress = null;

      handleKey();
      if (shouldBeSelected) checkTextareaFor(function() {
        textarea[0].select(); // re-select textarea in case it's an unrecognized
        checkTextarea = noop; // key that clears the selection, then never
        clearTimeout(timeoutId); // again, 'cos next thing might be blur
      });
    }

    function onKeypress(e) {
      // call the key handler for repeated keypresses.
      // This excludes keypresses that happen directly
      // after keydown.  In that case, there will be
      // no previous keypress, so we skip it here
      if (keydown && keypress) handleKey();

      keypress = e;

      checkTextareaFor(typedText);
    }
    function typedText() {
      // If there is a selection, the contents of the textarea couldn't
      // possibly have just been typed in.
      // This happens in browsers like Firefox and Opera that fire
      // keypress for keystrokes that are not text entry and leave the
      // selection in the textarea alone, such as Ctrl-C.
      // Note: we assume that browsers that don't support hasSelection()
      // also never fire keypress on keystrokes that are not text entry.
      // This seems reasonably safe because:
      // - all modern browsers including IE 9+ support hasSelection(),
      //   making it extremely unlikely any browser besides IE < 9 won't
      // - as far as we know IE < 9 never fires keypress on keystrokes
      //   that aren't text entry, which is only as reliable as our
      //   tests are comprehensive, but the IE < 9 way to do
      //   hasSelection() is poorly documented and is also only as
      //   reliable as our tests are comprehensive
      // If anything like #40 or #71 is reported in IE < 9, see
      // b1318e5349160b665003e36d4eedd64101ceacd8
      if (hasSelection()) return;

      var text = textarea.val();
      if (text.length === 1) {
        textarea.val('');
        handlers.typedText(text);
      } // in Firefox, keys that don't type text, just clear seln, fire keypress
      // https://github.com/mathquill/mathquill/issues/293#issuecomment-40997668
      else if (text) textarea[0].select(); // re-select if that's why we're here
    }

    function onBlur() { keydown = keypress = null; }

    function onPaste(e) {
      // browsers are dumb.
      //
      // In Linux, middle-click pasting causes onPaste to be called,
      // when the textarea is not necessarily focused.  We focus it
      // here to ensure that the pasted text actually ends up in the
      // textarea.
      //
      // It's pretty nifty that by changing focus in this handler,
      // we can change the target of the default action.  (This works
      // on keydown too, FWIW).
      //
      // And by nifty, we mean dumb (but useful sometimes).
      textarea.focus();

      checkTextareaFor(pastedText);
    }
    function pastedText() {
      var text = textarea.val();
      textarea.val('');
      if (text) handlers.paste(text);
    }

    // -*- attach event handlers -*- //
    target.bind({
      keydown: onKeydown,
      keypress: onKeypress,
      focusout: onBlur,
      paste: onPaste
    });

    // -*- export public methods -*- //
    return {
      select: select
    };
  };
}());
/***********************************************
 * Export math in a human-readable text format
 * As you can see, only half-baked so far.
 **********************************************/

Controller.open(function(_, super_) {
  _.exportText = function() {
    return this.root.foldChildren('', function(text, child) {
      return text + child.text();
    });
  };
});
Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.focusBlurEvents = function() {
    var ctrlr = this, root = ctrlr.root, cursor = ctrlr.cursor;
    var blurTimeout;
    ctrlr.textarea.focus(function() {
      ctrlr.blurred = false;
      clearTimeout(blurTimeout);
      root.jQ.addClass('mq-focused');
      if (!cursor.parent)
        cursor.insAtRightEnd(root);
      if (cursor.selection) {
        cursor.selection.jQ.removeClass('mq-blur');
        ctrlr.selectionChanged(); //re-select textarea contents after tabbing away and back
      }
      else
        cursor.show();
    }).blur(function() {
      ctrlr.blurred = true;
      blurTimeout = setTimeout(function() { // wait for blur on window; if
        root.postOrder('intentionalBlur'); // none, intentional blur: #264
        cursor.clearSelection();
        blur();
      });
      $(window).on('blur', windowBlur);
    });
    function windowBlur() { // blur event also fired on window, just switching
      clearTimeout(blurTimeout); // tabs/windows, not intentional blur
      if (cursor.selection) cursor.selection.jQ.addClass('mq-blur');
      blur();
    }
    function blur() { // not directly in the textarea blur handler so as to be
      cursor.hide().parent.blur(); // synchronous with/in the same frame as
      root.jQ.removeClass('mq-focused'); // clearing/blurring selection
      $(window).off('blur', windowBlur);
    }
    ctrlr.blurred = true;
    cursor.hide().parent.blur();
  };
});

/**
 * TODO: I wanted to move MathBlock::focus and blur here, it would clean
 * up lots of stuff like, TextBlock::focus is set to MathBlock::focus
 * and TextBlock::blur calls MathBlock::blur, when instead they could
 * use inheritance and super_.
 *
 * Problem is, there's lots of calls to .focus()/.blur() on nodes
 * outside Controller::focusBlurEvents(), such as .postOrder('blur') on
 * insertion, which if MathBlock::blur becomes Node::blur, would add the
 * 'blur' CSS class to all Symbol's (because .isEmpty() is true for all
 * of them).
 *
 * I'm not even sure there aren't other troublesome calls to .focus() or
 * .blur(), so this is TODO for now.
 */
/*****************************************
 * Deals with the browser DOM events from
 * interaction with the typist.
 ****************************************/

Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.keystroke = function(key, evt) {
    this.cursor.parent.keystroke(key, evt, this);
  };
});

Node.open(function(_) {
  _.keystroke = function(key, e, ctrlr) {
    var cursor = ctrlr.cursor;

    switch (key) {
    case 'Ctrl-Shift-Backspace':
    case 'Ctrl-Backspace':
      while (cursor[L] || cursor.selection) {
        ctrlr.backspace();
      }
      break;

    case 'Shift-Backspace':
    case 'Backspace':
      ctrlr.backspace();
      break;

    // Tab or Esc -> go one block right if it exists, else escape right.
    case 'Esc':
    case 'Tab':
      ctrlr.escapeDir(R, key, e);
      return;

    // Shift-Tab -> go one block left if it exists, else escape left.
    case 'Shift-Tab':
    case 'Shift-Esc':
      ctrlr.escapeDir(L, key, e);
      return;

    // End -> move to the end of the current block.
    case 'End':
      ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtRightEnd(cursor.parent);
      break;

    // Ctrl-End -> move all the way to the end of the root block.
    case 'Ctrl-End':
      ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtRightEnd(ctrlr.root);
      break;

    // Shift-End -> select to the end of the current block.
    case 'Shift-End':
      while (cursor[R]) {
        ctrlr.selectRight();
      }
      break;

    // Ctrl-Shift-End -> select to the end of the root block.
    case 'Ctrl-Shift-End':
      while (cursor[R] || cursor.parent !== ctrlr.root) {
        ctrlr.selectRight();
      }
      break;

    // Home -> move to the start of the root block or the current block.
    case 'Home':
      ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtLeftEnd(cursor.parent);
      break;

    // Ctrl-Home -> move to the start of the current block.
    case 'Ctrl-Home':
      ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtLeftEnd(ctrlr.root);
      break;

    // Shift-Home -> select to the start of the current block.
    case 'Shift-Home':
      while (cursor[L]) {
        ctrlr.selectLeft();
      }
      break;

    // Ctrl-Shift-Home -> move to the start of the root block.
    case 'Ctrl-Shift-Home':
      while (cursor[L] || cursor.parent !== ctrlr.root) {
        ctrlr.selectLeft();
      }
      break;

    case 'Left': ctrlr.moveLeft(); break;
    case 'Shift-Left': ctrlr.selectLeft(); break;
    case 'Ctrl-Left': break;

    case 'Right': ctrlr.moveRight(); break;
    case 'Shift-Right': ctrlr.selectRight(); break;
    case 'Ctrl-Right': break;

    case 'Up': ctrlr.moveUp(); break;
    case 'Down': ctrlr.moveDown(); break;

    case 'Shift-Up':
      if (cursor[L]) {
        while (cursor[L]) ctrlr.selectLeft();
      } else {
        ctrlr.selectLeft();
      }

    case 'Shift-Down':
      if (cursor[R]) {
        while (cursor[R]) ctrlr.selectRight();
      }
      else {
        ctrlr.selectRight();
      }

    case 'Ctrl-Up': break;
    case 'Ctrl-Down': break;

    case 'Ctrl-Shift-Del':
    case 'Ctrl-Del':
      while (cursor[R] || cursor.selection) {
        ctrlr.deleteForward();
      }
      break;

    case 'Shift-Del':
    case 'Del':
      ctrlr.deleteForward();
      break;

    case 'Meta-A':
    case 'Ctrl-A':
      ctrlr.notify('move').cursor.insAtRightEnd(ctrlr.root);
      while (cursor[L]) ctrlr.selectLeft();
      break;

    default:
      return;
    }
    e.preventDefault();
    ctrlr.scrollHoriz();
  };

  _.moveOutOf = // called by Controller::escapeDir, moveDir
  _.moveTowards = // called by Controller::moveDir
  _.deleteOutOf = // called by Controller::deleteDir
  _.deleteTowards = // called by Controller::deleteDir
  _.unselectInto = // called by Controller::selectDir
  _.selectOutOf = // called by Controller::selectDir
  _.selectTowards = // called by Controller::selectDir
    function() { pray('overridden or never called on this node'); };
});

Controller.open(function(_) {
  this.onNotify(function(e) {
    if (e === 'move' || e === 'upDown') this.show().clearSelection();
  });
  _.escapeDir = function(dir, key, e) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    var cursor = this.cursor;

    // only prevent default of Tab if not in the root editable
    if (cursor.parent !== this.root) e.preventDefault();

    // want to be a noop if in the root editable (in fact, Tab has an unrelated
    // default browser action if so)
    if (cursor.parent === this.root) return;

    cursor.parent.moveOutOf(dir, cursor);
    return this.notify('move');
  };

  var init = _.init;
  _.init = function(root, container, opts) {
    var updown = opts && opts.leftRightIntoCmdGoes;
    if (updown && updown !== 'up' && updown !== 'down') {
      throw '"up" or "down" required for leftRightIntoCmdGoes option, '
            + 'got "'+updown+'"';
    }
    return init.apply(this, arguments);
  };
  _.moveDir = function(dir) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    var cursor = this.cursor, updown = this.options.leftRightIntoCmdGoes;

    if (cursor.selection) {
      cursor.insDirOf(dir, cursor.selection.ends[dir]);
    }
    else if (cursor[dir]) cursor[dir].moveTowards(dir, cursor, updown);
    else cursor.parent.moveOutOf(dir, cursor, updown);

    return this.notify('move');
  };
  _.moveLeft = function() { return this.moveDir(L); };
  _.moveRight = function() { return this.moveDir(R); };

  /**
   * moveUp and moveDown have almost identical algorithms:
   * - first check left and right, if so insAtLeft/RightEnd of them
   * - else check the parent's 'upOutOf'/'downOutOf' property:
   *   + if it's a function, call it with the cursor as the sole argument and
   *     use the return value as if it were the value of the property
   *   + if it's a Node, jump up or down into it:
   *     - if there is a cached Point in the block, insert there
   *     - else, seekHoriz within the block to the current x-coordinate (to be
   *       as close to directly above/below the current position as possible)
   *   + unless it's exactly `true`, stop bubbling
   */
  _.moveUp = function() { return moveUpDown(this, 'up'); };
  _.moveDown = function() { return moveUpDown(this, 'down'); };
  function moveUpDown(self, dir) {
    var cursor = self.notify('upDown').cursor;
    var dirInto = dir+'Into', dirOutOf = dir+'OutOf';
    if (cursor[R][dirInto]) cursor.insAtLeftEnd(cursor[R][dirInto]);
    else if (cursor[L][dirInto]) cursor.insAtRightEnd(cursor[L][dirInto]);
    else {
      cursor.parent.bubble(function(ancestor) {
        var prop = ancestor[dirOutOf];
        if (prop) {
          if (typeof prop === 'function') prop = ancestor[dirOutOf](cursor);
          if (prop instanceof Node) cursor.jumpUpDown(ancestor, prop);
          if (prop !== true) return false;
        }
      });
    }
    return self;
  }
  this.onNotify(function(e) { if (e !== 'upDown') this.upDownCache = {}; });

  this.onNotify(function(e) { if (e === 'edit') this.show().deleteSelection(); });
  _.deleteDir = function(dir) {
    prayDirection(dir);
    var cursor = this.cursor;

    var hadSelection = cursor.selection;
    this.notify('edit'); // deletes selection if present
    if (!hadSelection) {
      if (cursor[dir]) cursor[dir].deleteTowards(dir, cursor);
      else cursor.parent.deleteOutOf(dir, cursor);
    }

    if (cursor[L].siblingDeleted) cursor[L].siblingDeleted(R);
    if (cursor[R].siblingDeleted) cursor[R].siblingDeleted(L);
    cursor.parent.bubble('edited');

    return this;
  };
  _.backspace = function() { return this.deleteDir(L); };
  _.deleteForward = function() { return this.deleteDir(R); };

  this.onNotify(function(e) { if (e !== 'select') this.endSelection(); });
  _.selectDir = function(dir) {
    var cursor = this.notify('select').cursor, seln = cursor.selection;
    prayDirection(dir);

    if (!cursor.anticursor) cursor.startSelection();

    var node = cursor[dir];
    if (node) {
      // "if node we're selecting towards is inside selection (hence retracting)
      // and is on the *far side* of the selection (hence is only node selected)
      // and the anticursor is *inside* that node, not just on the other side"
      if (seln && seln.ends[dir] === node && cursor.anticursor[-dir] !== node) {
        node.unselectInto(dir, cursor);
      }
      else node.selectTowards(dir, cursor);
    }
    else cursor.parent.selectOutOf(dir, cursor);

    cursor.clearSelection();
    cursor.select() || cursor.show();
  };
  _.selectLeft = function() { return this.selectDir(L); };
  _.selectRight = function() { return this.selectDir(R); };
});
// Parser MathCommand
var latexMathParser = (function() {
  function commandToBlock(cmd) {
    var block = MathBlock();
    cmd.adopt(block, 0, 0);
    return block;
  }
  function joinBlocks(blocks) {
    var firstBlock = blocks[0] || MathBlock();

    for (var i = 1; i < blocks.length; i += 1) {
      blocks[i].children().adopt(firstBlock, firstBlock.ends[R], 0);
    }

    return firstBlock;
  }

  var string = Parser.string;
  var regex = Parser.regex;
  var letter = Parser.letter;
  var any = Parser.any;
  var optWhitespace = Parser.optWhitespace;
  var succeed = Parser.succeed;
  var fail = Parser.fail;

  // Parsers yielding MathCommands
  var variable = letter.map(function(c) { return Letter(c); });
  var symbol = regex(/^[^${}\\_^]/).map(function(c) { return VanillaSymbol(c); });

  var controlSequence =
    regex(/^[^\\a-eg-zA-Z]/) // hotfix #164; match MathBlock::write
    .or(string('\\').then(
      regex(/^[a-z]+/i)
      .or(regex(/^\s+/).result(' '))
      .or(any)
    )).then(function(ctrlSeq) {
      var cmdKlass = LatexCmds[ctrlSeq];

      if (cmdKlass) {
        return cmdKlass(ctrlSeq).parser();
      }
      else {
        return fail('unknown command: \\'+ctrlSeq);
      }
    })
  ;

  var command =
    controlSequence
    .or(variable)
    .or(symbol)
  ;

  // Parsers yielding MathBlocks
  var mathGroup = string('{').then(function() { return mathSequence; }).skip(string('}'));
  var mathBlock = optWhitespace.then(mathGroup.or(command.map(commandToBlock)));
  var mathSequence = mathBlock.many().map(joinBlocks).skip(optWhitespace);

  var optMathBlock =
    string('[').then(
      mathBlock.then(function(block) {
        return block.join('latex') !== ']' ? succeed(block) : fail();
      })
      .many().map(joinBlocks).skip(optWhitespace)
    ).skip(string(']'))
  ;

  var latexMath = mathSequence;

  latexMath.block = mathBlock;
  latexMath.optBlock = optMathBlock;
  return latexMath;
})();

Controller.open(function(_, super_) {
  _.exportLatex = function() {
    return this.root.latex().replace(/(\\[a-z]+) (?![a-z])/ig,'$1');
  };
  _.writeLatex = function(latex) {
    var cursor = this.notify('edit').cursor;

    var all = Parser.all;
    var eof = Parser.eof;

    var block = latexMathParser.skip(eof).or(all.result(false)).parse(latex);

    if (block && !block.isEmpty()) {
      block.children().adopt(cursor.parent, cursor[L], cursor[R]);
      var jQ = block.jQize();
      jQ.insertBefore(cursor.jQ);
      cursor[L] = block.ends[R];
      block.finalizeInsert(cursor);
      if (block.ends[R][R].siblingCreated) block.ends[R][R].siblingCreated(L);
      if (block.ends[L][L].siblingCreated) block.ends[L][L].siblingCreated(R);
      cursor.parent.bubble('edited');
    }

    return this;
  };
  _.renderLatexMath = function(latex) {
    var root = this.root, cursor = this.cursor;

    var all = Parser.all;
    var eof = Parser.eof;

    var block = latexMathParser.skip(eof).or(all.result(false)).parse(latex);

    root.eachChild('postOrder', 'dispose');
    root.ends[L] = root.ends[R] = 0;

    if (block) {
      block.children().adopt(root, 0, 0);
    }

    var jQ = root.jQ;

    if (block) {
      var html = block.join('html');
      jQ.html(html);
      root.jQize(jQ.children());
      root.finalizeInsert();
    }
    else {
      jQ.empty();
    }

    delete cursor.selection;
    cursor.insAtRightEnd(root);
  };
  _.renderLatexText = function(latex) {
    var root = this.root, cursor = this.cursor;

    root.jQ.children().slice(1).remove();
    root.eachChild('postOrder', 'dispose');
    root.ends[L] = root.ends[R] = 0;
    delete cursor.selection;
    cursor.show().insAtRightEnd(root);

    var regex = Parser.regex;
    var string = Parser.string;
    var eof = Parser.eof;
    var all = Parser.all;

    // Parser RootMathCommand
    var mathMode = string('$').then(latexMathParser)
      // because TeX is insane, math mode doesn't necessarily
      // have to end.  So we allow for the case that math mode
      // continues to the end of the stream.
      .skip(string('$').or(eof))
      .map(function(block) {
        // HACK FIXME: this shouldn't have to have access to cursor
        var rootMathCommand = RootMathCommand(cursor);

        rootMathCommand.createBlocks();
        var rootMathBlock = rootMathCommand.ends[L];
        block.children().adopt(rootMathBlock, 0, 0);

        return rootMathCommand;
      })
    ;

    var escapedDollar = string('\\$').result('$');
    var textChar = escapedDollar.or(regex(/^[^$]/)).map(VanillaSymbol);
    var latexText = mathMode.or(textChar).many();
    var commands = latexText.skip(eof).or(all.result(false)).parse(latex);

    if (commands) {
      for (var i = 0; i < commands.length; i += 1) {
        commands[i].adopt(root, root.ends[R], 0);
      }

      root.jQize().appendTo(root.jQ);

      root.finalizeInsert();
    }
  };
});
/********************************************************
 * Deals with mouse events for clicking, drag-to-select
 *******************************************************/

Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.delegateMouseEvents = function() {
    var ultimateRootjQ = this.root.jQ;
    //drag-to-select event handling
    this.container.bind('mousedown.mathquill', function(e) {
      var rootjQ = $(e.target).closest('.mq-root-block');
      var root = Node.byId[rootjQ.attr(mqBlockId) || ultimateRootjQ.attr(mqBlockId)];
      var ctrlr = root.controller, cursor = ctrlr.cursor, blink = cursor.blink;
      var textareaSpan = ctrlr.textareaSpan, textarea = ctrlr.textarea;

      function mousemove(e) {
        if (!cursor.anticursor) cursor.startSelection();
        ctrlr.seek($(e.target), e.pageX, e.pageY).cursor.select();
      }

      // docmousemove is attached to the document, so that
      // selection still works when the mouse leaves the window.
      function docmousemove(e) {
        // [Han]: i delete the target because of the way seek works.
        // it will not move the mouse to the target, but will instead
        // just seek those X and Y coordinates.  If there is a target,
        // it will try to move the cursor to document, which will not work.
        // cursor.seek needs to be refactored.
        delete e.target;

        return mousemove(e);
      }

      function mouseup(e) {
        cursor.blink = blink;
        if (!cursor.selection) {
          if (ctrlr.editable) {
            cursor.show();
          }
          else {
            textareaSpan.detach();
          }
        }

        // delete the mouse handlers now that we're not dragging anymore
        rootjQ.unbind('mousemove', mousemove);
        $(e.target.ownerDocument).unbind('mousemove', docmousemove).unbind('mouseup', mouseup);
      }

      if (ctrlr.blurred) {
        if (!ctrlr.editable) rootjQ.prepend(textareaSpan);
        textarea.focus();
      }
      e.preventDefault(); // doesn't work in IE<=8, but it's a one-line fix:
      e.target.unselectable = true; // http://jsbin.com/yagekiji/1

      cursor.blink = noop;
      ctrlr.seek($(e.target), e.pageX, e.pageY).cursor.startSelection();

      rootjQ.mousemove(mousemove);
      $(e.target.ownerDocument).mousemove(docmousemove).mouseup(mouseup);
    });
  }
});

Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.seek = function(target, pageX, pageY) {
    var cursor = this.notify('select').cursor;

    var nodeId = target.attr(mqBlockId) || target.attr(mqCmdId);
    if (!nodeId) {
      var targetParent = target.parent();
      nodeId = targetParent.attr(mqBlockId) || targetParent.attr(mqCmdId);
    }
    var node = nodeId ? Node.byId[nodeId] : this.root;
    pray('nodeId is the id of some Node that exists', node);

    // don't clear selection until after getting node from target, in case
    // target was selection span, otherwise target will have no parent and will
    // seek from root, which is less accurate (e.g. fraction)
    cursor.clearSelection().show();

    node.seek(pageX, cursor);
    this.scrollHoriz(); // before .selectFrom when mouse-selecting, so
                        // always hits no-selection case in scrollHoriz and scrolls slower
    return this;
  };
});
/***********************************************
 * Horizontal panning for editable fields that
 * overflow their width
 **********************************************/

Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.scrollHoriz = function() {
    var cursor = this.cursor, seln = cursor.selection;
    var rootRect = this.root.jQ[0].getBoundingClientRect();
    if (!seln) {
      var x = cursor.jQ[0].getBoundingClientRect().left;
      if (x > rootRect.right - 20) var scrollBy = x - (rootRect.right - 20);
      else if (x < rootRect.left + 20) var scrollBy = x - (rootRect.left + 20);
      else return;
    }
    else {
      var rect = seln.jQ[0].getBoundingClientRect();
      var overLeft = rect.left - (rootRect.left + 20);
      var overRight = rect.right - (rootRect.right - 20);
      if (seln.ends[L] === cursor[R]) {
        if (overLeft < 0) var scrollBy = overLeft;
        else if (overRight > 0) {
          if (rect.left - overRight < rootRect.left + 20) var scrollBy = overLeft;
          else var scrollBy = overRight;
        }
        else return;
      }
      else {
        if (overRight > 0) var scrollBy = overRight;
        else if (overLeft < 0) {
          if (rect.right - overLeft > rootRect.right - 20) var scrollBy = overRight;
          else var scrollBy = overLeft;
        }
        else return;
      }
    }
    this.root.jQ.stop().animate({ scrollLeft: '+=' + scrollBy}, 100);
  };
});
/*********************************************
 * Manage the MathQuill instance's textarea
 * (as owned by the Controller)
 ********************************************/

Controller.open(function(_) {
  _.createTextarea = function() {
    var textareaSpan = this.textareaSpan = $('<span class="mq-textarea"></span>'),
      fn = this.options.substituteTextarea, textarea = this.textarea =
        $(fn ? fn() : '<textarea/>').appendTo(textareaSpan);

    var ctrlr = this;
    ctrlr.cursor.selectionChanged = function() { ctrlr.selectionChanged(); };
    ctrlr.container.bind('copy', function() { ctrlr.setTextareaSelection(); });
  };
  _.selectionChanged = function() {
    var ctrlr = this;
    forceIERedraw(ctrlr.container[0]);

    // throttle calls to setTextareaSelection(), because setting textarea.value
    // and/or calling textarea.select() can have anomalously bad performance:
    // https://github.com/mathquill/mathquill/issues/43#issuecomment-1399080
    if (ctrlr.textareaSelectionTimeout === undefined) {
      ctrlr.textareaSelectionTimeout = setTimeout(function() {
        ctrlr.setTextareaSelection();
      });
    }
  };
  _.setTextareaSelection = function() {
    this.textareaSelectionTimeout = undefined;
    var latex = '';
    if (this.cursor.selection) {
      latex = this.cursor.selection.join('latex');
      if (this.options.statelessClipboard) {
        // FIXME: like paste, only this works for math fields; should ask parent
        latex = '$' + latex + '$';
      }
    }
    this.selectFn(latex);
  };
  _.staticMathTextareaEvents = function() {
    var ctrlr = this, root = ctrlr.root, cursor = ctrlr.cursor,
      textarea = ctrlr.textarea, textareaSpan = ctrlr.textareaSpan;

    this.container.prepend('<span class="mq-selectable">$'+ctrlr.exportLatex()+'$</span>');
    ctrlr.blurred = true;
    textarea.bind('cut paste', false)
    .focus(function() { ctrlr.blurred = false; }).blur(function() {
      if (cursor.selection) cursor.selection.clear();
      setTimeout(detach); //detaching during blur explodes in WebKit
    });
    function detach() {
      textareaSpan.detach();
      ctrlr.blurred = true;
    }

    ctrlr.selectFn = function(text) {
      textarea.val(text);
      if (text) textarea.select();
    };
  };
  _.editablesTextareaEvents = function() {
    var ctrlr = this, root = ctrlr.root, cursor = ctrlr.cursor,
      textarea = ctrlr.textarea, textareaSpan = ctrlr.textareaSpan;

    var keyboardEventsShim = saneKeyboardEvents(textarea, this);
    this.selectFn = function(text) { keyboardEventsShim.select(text); };

    this.container.prepend(textareaSpan)
    .on('cut', function(e) {
      if (cursor.selection) {
        setTimeout(function() {
          ctrlr.notify('edit'); // deletes selection if present
          cursor.parent.bubble('edited');
        });
      }
    });

    this.focusBlurEvents();
  };
  var disabledChars = '';
  MathQuill.disableCharsWithoutOperand = function(c) { disabledChars += c; };
  _.typedText = function(ch) {
    if (!this.cursor[L] && disabledChars.indexOf(ch) > -1) return;
    if (ch === '\n') {
      if (this.root.handlers.enter) this.root.handlers.enter(this.API);
      return;
    }
    var cursor = this.notify().cursor;
    cursor.parent.write(cursor, ch, cursor.show().replaceSelection());
    this.scrollHoriz();
  };
  _.paste = function(text) {
    if (this.options.statelessClipboard) { // FIXME: document in README
      if (text.slice(0,1) === '$' && text.slice(-1) === '$') {
        text = text.slice(1, -1);
      }
      else {
        text = '\\text{'+text+'}';
      }
    }
    // FIXME: this always inserts math or a TextBlock, even in a RootTextBlock
    this.writeLatex(text).cursor.show();
  };
});
/*************************************************
 * Abstract classes of math blocks and commands.
 ************************************************/

/**
 * Math tree node base class.
 * Some math-tree-specific extensions to Node.
 * Both MathBlock's and MathCommand's descend from it.
 */
var MathElement = P(Node, function(_, super_) {
  _.finalizeInsert = function(cursor) {
    var self = this;
    self.postOrder('finalizeTree');
    self.postOrder('contactWeld', cursor);

    // note: this order is important.
    // empty elements need the empty box provided by blur to
    // be present in order for their dimensions to be measured
    // correctly by 'edited' handlers.
    self.postOrder('blur');

    self.postOrder('edited');
    if (self[R].siblingCreated) self[R].siblingCreated(L);
    if (self[L].siblingCreated) self[L].siblingCreated(R);
    self.bubble('edited');
  };
});

/**
 * Commands and operators, like subscripts, exponents, or fractions.
 * Descendant commands are organized into blocks.
 */
var MathCommand = P(MathElement, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ctrlSeq, htmlTemplate, textTemplate) {
    var cmd = this;
    super_.init.call(cmd);

    if (!cmd.ctrlSeq) cmd.ctrlSeq = ctrlSeq;
    if (htmlTemplate) cmd.htmlTemplate = htmlTemplate;
    if (textTemplate) cmd.textTemplate = textTemplate;
  };

  // obvious methods
  _.replaces = function(replacedFragment) {
    replacedFragment.disown();
    this.replacedFragment = replacedFragment;
  };
  _.isEmpty = function() {
    return this.foldChildren(true, function(isEmpty, child) {
      return isEmpty && child.isEmpty();
    });
  };

  _.parser = function() {
    var block = latexMathParser.block;
    var self = this;

    return block.times(self.numBlocks()).map(function(blocks) {
      self.blocks = blocks;

      for (var i = 0; i < blocks.length; i += 1) {
        blocks[i].adopt(self, self.ends[R], 0);
      }

      return self;
    });
  };

  // createLeftOf(cursor) and the methods it calls
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    var cmd = this;
    var replacedFragment = cmd.replacedFragment;

    cmd.createBlocks();
    super_.createLeftOf.call(cmd, cursor);
    if (replacedFragment) {
      replacedFragment.adopt(cmd.ends[L], 0, 0);
      replacedFragment.jQ.appendTo(cmd.ends[L].jQ);
    }
    cmd.finalizeInsert();
    cmd.placeCursor(cursor);
  };
  _.createBlocks = function() {
    var cmd = this,
      numBlocks = cmd.numBlocks(),
      blocks = cmd.blocks = Array(numBlocks);

    for (var i = 0; i < numBlocks; i += 1) {
      var newBlock = blocks[i] = MathBlock();
      newBlock.adopt(cmd, cmd.ends[R], 0);
    }
  };
  _.placeCursor = function(cursor) {
    //insert the cursor at the right end of the first empty child, searching
    //left-to-right, or if none empty, the right end child
    cursor.insAtRightEnd(this.foldChildren(this.ends[L], function(leftward, child) {
      return leftward.isEmpty() ? leftward : child;
    }));
  };

  // editability methods: called by the cursor for editing, cursor movements,
  // and selection of the MathQuill tree, these all take in a direction and
  // the cursor
  _.moveTowards = function(dir, cursor, updown) {
    var updownInto = updown && this[updown+'Into'];
    cursor.insAtDirEnd(-dir, updownInto || this.ends[-dir]);
  };
  _.deleteTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor.startSelection();
    this.selectTowards(dir, cursor);
    cursor.select();
  };
  _.selectTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor[-dir] = this;
    cursor[dir] = this[dir];
  };
  _.selectChildren = function() {
    return Selection(this, this);
  };
  _.unselectInto = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor.insAtDirEnd(-dir, cursor.anticursor.ancestors[this.id]);
  };
  _.seek = function(pageX, cursor) {
    function getBounds(node) {
      var bounds = {}
      bounds[L] = node.jQ.offset().left;
      bounds[R] = bounds[L] + node.jQ.outerWidth();
      return bounds;
    }

    var cmd = this;
    var cmdBounds = getBounds(cmd);

    if (pageX < cmdBounds[L]) return cursor.insLeftOf(cmd);
    if (pageX > cmdBounds[R]) return cursor.insRightOf(cmd);

    var leftLeftBound = cmdBounds[L];
    cmd.eachChild(function(block) {
      var blockBounds = getBounds(block);
      if (pageX < blockBounds[L]) {
        // closer to this block's left bound, or the bound left of that?
        if (pageX - leftLeftBound < blockBounds[L] - pageX) {
          if (block[L]) cursor.insAtRightEnd(block[L]);
          else cursor.insLeftOf(cmd);
        }
        else cursor.insAtLeftEnd(block);
        return false;
      }
      else if (pageX > blockBounds[R]) {
        if (block[R]) leftLeftBound = blockBounds[R]; // continue to next block
        else { // last (rightmost) block
          // closer to this block's right bound, or the cmd's right bound?
          if (cmdBounds[R] - pageX < pageX - blockBounds[R]) {
            cursor.insRightOf(cmd);
          }
          else cursor.insAtRightEnd(block);
        }
      }
      else {
        block.seek(pageX, cursor);
        return false;
      }
    });
  }

  // methods involved in creating and cross-linking with HTML DOM nodes
  /*
    They all expect an .htmlTemplate like
      '<span>&0</span>'
    or
      '<span><span>&0</span><span>&1</span></span>'

    See html.test.js for more examples.

    Requirements:
    - For each block of the command, there must be exactly one "block content
      marker" of the form '&<number>' where <number> is the 0-based index of the
      block. (Like the LaTeX \newcommand syntax, but with a 0-based rather than
      1-based index, because JavaScript because C because Dijkstra.)
    - The block content marker must be the sole contents of the containing
      element, there can't even be surrounding whitespace, or else we can't
      guarantee sticking to within the bounds of the block content marker when
      mucking with the HTML DOM.
    - The HTML not only must be well-formed HTML (of course), but also must
      conform to the XHTML requirements on tags, specifically all tags must
      either be self-closing (like '<br/>') or come in matching pairs.
      Close tags are never optional.

    Note that &<number> isn't well-formed HTML; if you wanted a literal '&123',
    your HTML template would have to have '&amp;123'.
  */
  _.numBlocks = function() {
    var matches = this.htmlTemplate.match(/&\d+/g);
    return matches ? matches.length : 0;
  };
  _.html = function() {
    // Render the entire math subtree rooted at this command, as HTML.
    // Expects .createBlocks() to have been called already, since it uses the
    // .blocks array of child blocks.
    //
    // See html.test.js for example templates and intended outputs.
    //
    // Given an .htmlTemplate as described above,
    // - insert the mathquill-command-id attribute into all top-level tags,
    //   which will be used to set this.jQ in .jQize().
    //   This is straightforward:
    //     * tokenize into tags and non-tags
    //     * loop through top-level tokens:
    //         * add #cmdId attribute macro to top-level self-closing tags
    //         * else add #cmdId attribute macro to top-level open tags
    //             * skip the matching top-level close tag and all tag pairs
    //               in between
    // - for each block content marker,
    //     + replace it with the contents of the corresponding block,
    //       rendered as HTML
    //     + insert the mathquill-block-id attribute into the containing tag
    //   This is even easier, a quick regex replace, since block tags cannot
    //   contain anything besides the block content marker.
    //
    // Two notes:
    // - The outermost loop through top-level tokens should never encounter any
    //   top-level close tags, because we should have first encountered a
    //   matching top-level open tag, all inner tags should have appeared in
    //   matching pairs and been skipped, and then we should have skipped the
    //   close tag in question.
    // - All open tags should have matching close tags, which means our inner
    //   loop should always encounter a close tag and drop nesting to 0. If
    //   a close tag is missing, the loop will continue until i >= tokens.length
    //   and token becomes undefined. This will not infinite loop, even in
    //   production without pray(), because it will then TypeError on .slice().

    var cmd = this;
    var blocks = cmd.blocks;
    var cmdId = ' mathquill-command-id=' + cmd.id;
    var tokens = cmd.htmlTemplate.match(/<[^<>]+>|[^<>]+/g);

    pray('no unmatched angle brackets', tokens.join('') === this.htmlTemplate);

    // add cmdId to all top-level tags
    for (var i = 0, token = tokens[0]; token; i += 1, token = tokens[i]) {
      // top-level self-closing tags
      if (token.slice(-2) === '/>') {
        tokens[i] = token.slice(0,-2) + cmdId + '/>';
      }
      // top-level open tags
      else if (token.charAt(0) === '<') {
        pray('not an unmatched top-level close tag', token.charAt(1) !== '/');

        tokens[i] = token.slice(0,-1) + cmdId + '>';

        // skip matching top-level close tag and all tag pairs in between
        var nesting = 1;
        do {
          i += 1, token = tokens[i];
          pray('no missing close tags', token);
          // close tags
          if (token.slice(0,2) === '</') {
            nesting -= 1;
          }
          // non-self-closing open tags
          else if (token.charAt(0) === '<' && token.slice(-2) !== '/>') {
            nesting += 1;
          }
        } while (nesting > 0);
      }
    }
    return tokens.join('').replace(/>&(\d+)/g, function($0, $1) {
      return ' mathquill-block-id=' + blocks[$1].id + '>' + blocks[$1].join('html');
    });
  };

  // methods to export a string representation of the math tree
  _.latex = function() {
    return this.foldChildren(this.ctrlSeq, function(latex, child) {
      return latex + '{' + (child.latex() || ' ') + '}';
    });
  };
  _.textTemplate = [''];
  _.text = function() {
    var cmd = this, i = 0;
    return cmd.foldChildren(cmd.textTemplate[i], function(text, child) {
      i += 1;
      var child_text = child.text();
      if (text && cmd.textTemplate[i] === '('
          && child_text[0] === '(' && child_text.slice(-1) === ')')
        return text + child_text.slice(1, -1) + cmd.textTemplate[i];
      return text + child.text() + (cmd.textTemplate[i] || '');
    });
  };
});

/**
 * Lightweight command without blocks or children.
 */
var Symbol = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ctrlSeq, html, text) {
    if (!text) text = ctrlSeq && ctrlSeq.length > 1 ? ctrlSeq.slice(1) : ctrlSeq;

    super_.init.call(this, ctrlSeq, html, [ text ]);
  };

  _.parser = function() { return Parser.succeed(this); };
  _.numBlocks = function() { return 0; };

  _.replaces = function(replacedFragment) {
    replacedFragment.remove();
  };
  _.createBlocks = noop;

  _.moveTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor.jQ.insDirOf(dir, this.jQ);
    cursor[-dir] = this;
    cursor[dir] = this[dir];
  };
  _.deleteTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor[dir] = this.remove()[dir];
  };
  _.seek = function(pageX, cursor) {
    // insert at whichever side the click was closer to
    if (pageX - this.jQ.offset().left < this.jQ.outerWidth()/2)
      cursor.insLeftOf(this);
    else
      cursor.insRightOf(this);
  };

  _.latex = function(){ return this.ctrlSeq; };
  _.text = function(){ return this.textTemplate; };
  _.placeCursor = noop;
  _.isEmpty = function(){ return true; };
});
var VanillaSymbol = P(Symbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ch, html) {
    super_.init.call(this, ch, '<span>'+(html || ch)+'</span>');
  };
});
var BinaryOperator = P(Symbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ctrlSeq, html, text) {
    super_.init.call(this,
      ctrlSeq, '<span class="mq-binary-operator">'+html+'</span>', text
    );
  };
});

/**
 * Children and parent of MathCommand's. Basically partitions all the
 * symbols and operators that descend (in the Math DOM tree) from
 * ancestor operators.
 */
var MathBlock = P(MathElement, function(_, super_) {
  _.join = function(methodName) {
    return this.foldChildren('', function(fold, child) {
      return fold + child[methodName]();
    });
  };
  _.html = function() { return this.join('html'); };
  _.latex = function() { return this.join('latex'); };
  _.text = function() {
    return this.ends[L] === this.ends[R] ?
      this.ends[L].text() :
      '(' + this.join('text') + ')'
    ;
  };

  _.keystroke = function(key, e, ctrlr) {
    if (ctrlr.options.spaceBehavesLikeTab
        && (key === 'Spacebar' || key === 'Shift-Spacebar')) {
      e.preventDefault();
      ctrlr.escapeDir(key === 'Shift-Spacebar' ? L : R, key, e);
      return;
    }
    return super_.keystroke.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // editability methods: called by the cursor for editing, cursor movements,
  // and selection of the MathQuill tree, these all take in a direction and
  // the cursor
  _.moveOutOf = function(dir, cursor, updown) {
    var updownInto = updown && this.parent[updown+'Into'];
    if (!updownInto && this[dir]) cursor.insAtDirEnd(-dir, this[dir]);
    else cursor.insDirOf(dir, this.parent);
  };
  _.selectOutOf = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor.insDirOf(dir, this.parent);
  };
  _.deleteOutOf = function(dir, cursor) {
    cursor.unwrapGramp();
  };
  _.seek = function(pageX, cursor) {
    var node = this.ends[R];
    if (!node || node.jQ.offset().left + node.jQ.outerWidth() < pageX) {
      return cursor.insAtRightEnd(this);
    }
    if (pageX < this.ends[L].jQ.offset().left) return cursor.insAtLeftEnd(this);
    while (pageX < node.jQ.offset().left) node = node[L];
    return node.seek(pageX, cursor);
  };
  _.write = function(cursor, ch, replacedFragment) {
    var cmd;
    if (ch.match(/^[a-eg-zA-Z]$/)) //exclude f because want florin
      cmd = Letter(ch);
    else if (cmd = CharCmds[ch] || LatexCmds[ch])
      cmd = cmd(ch);
    else
      cmd = VanillaSymbol(ch);

    if (replacedFragment) cmd.replaces(replacedFragment);

    cmd.createLeftOf(cursor);
  };

  _.focus = function() {
    this.jQ.addClass('mq-hasCursor');
    this.jQ.removeClass('mq-empty');

    return this;
  };
  _.blur = function() {
    this.jQ.removeClass('mq-hasCursor');
    if (this.isEmpty())
      this.jQ.addClass('mq-empty');

    return this;
  };
});

var RootMathBlock = P(MathBlock, RootBlockMixin);
/************************************
 * Symbols for Advanced Mathematics
 ***********************************/

LatexCmds.notin =
LatexCmds.sim =
LatexCmds.cong =
LatexCmds.equiv =
LatexCmds.oplus =
LatexCmds.otimes = P(BinaryOperator, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(latex) {
    super_.init.call(this, '\\'+latex+' ', '&'+latex+';');
  };
});

LatexCmds['\u2260'] = LatexCmds.ne = LatexCmds.neq = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\ne ','&ne;');

LatexCmds.ast = LatexCmds.star = LatexCmds.loast = LatexCmds.lowast =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\ast ','&lowast;');
  //case 'there4 = // a special exception for this one, perhaps?
LatexCmds.therefor = LatexCmds.therefore =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\therefore ','&there4;');

LatexCmds.cuz = // l33t
LatexCmds.because = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\because ','&#8757;');

LatexCmds.prop = LatexCmds.propto = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\propto ','&prop;');

LatexCmds['\u2248'] = LatexCmds.asymp = LatexCmds.approx = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\approx ','&asymp;');

LatexCmds.isin = LatexCmds['in'] = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\in ','&isin;');

LatexCmds.ni = LatexCmds.contains = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\ni ','&ni;');

LatexCmds.notni = LatexCmds.niton = LatexCmds.notcontains = LatexCmds.doesnotcontain =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\not\\ni ','&#8716;');

LatexCmds.sub = LatexCmds.subset = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\subset ','&sub;');

LatexCmds.sup = LatexCmds.supset = LatexCmds.superset =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\supset ','&sup;');

LatexCmds.nsub = LatexCmds.notsub =
LatexCmds.nsubset = LatexCmds.notsubset =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\not\\subset ','&#8836;');

LatexCmds.nsup = LatexCmds.notsup =
LatexCmds.nsupset = LatexCmds.notsupset =
LatexCmds.nsuperset = LatexCmds.notsuperset =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\not\\supset ','&#8837;');

LatexCmds.sube = LatexCmds.subeq = LatexCmds.subsete = LatexCmds.subseteq =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\subseteq ','&sube;');

LatexCmds.supe = LatexCmds.supeq =
LatexCmds.supsete = LatexCmds.supseteq =
LatexCmds.supersete = LatexCmds.superseteq =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\supseteq ','&supe;');

LatexCmds.nsube = LatexCmds.nsubeq =
LatexCmds.notsube = LatexCmds.notsubeq =
LatexCmds.nsubsete = LatexCmds.nsubseteq =
LatexCmds.notsubsete = LatexCmds.notsubseteq =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\not\\subseteq ','&#8840;');

LatexCmds.nsupe = LatexCmds.nsupeq =
LatexCmds.notsupe = LatexCmds.notsupeq =
LatexCmds.nsupsete = LatexCmds.nsupseteq =
LatexCmds.notsupsete = LatexCmds.notsupseteq =
LatexCmds.nsupersete = LatexCmds.nsuperseteq =
LatexCmds.notsupersete = LatexCmds.notsuperseteq =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\not\\supseteq ','&#8841;');


//the canonical sets of numbers
LatexCmds.N = LatexCmds.naturals = LatexCmds.Naturals =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{N}','&#8469;');

LatexCmds.P =
LatexCmds.primes = LatexCmds.Primes =
LatexCmds.projective = LatexCmds.Projective =
LatexCmds.probability = LatexCmds.Probability =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{P}','&#8473;');

LatexCmds.Z = LatexCmds.integers = LatexCmds.Integers =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{Z}','&#8484;');

LatexCmds.Q = LatexCmds.rationals = LatexCmds.Rationals =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{Q}','&#8474;');

LatexCmds.R = LatexCmds.reals = LatexCmds.Reals =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{R}','&#8477;');

LatexCmds.C =
LatexCmds.complex = LatexCmds.Complex =
LatexCmds.complexes = LatexCmds.Complexes =
LatexCmds.complexplane = LatexCmds.Complexplane = LatexCmds.ComplexPlane =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{C}','&#8450;');

LatexCmds.H = LatexCmds.Hamiltonian = LatexCmds.quaternions = LatexCmds.Quaternions =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\mathbb{H}','&#8461;');

//spacing
LatexCmds.quad = LatexCmds.emsp = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\quad ','    ');
LatexCmds.qquad = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\qquad ','        ');
/* spacing special characters, gonna have to implement this in LatexCommandInput::onText somehow
case ',':
  return VanillaSymbol('\\, ',' ');
case ':':
  return VanillaSymbol('\\: ','  ');
case ';':
  return VanillaSymbol('\\; ','   ');
case '!':
  return Symbol('\\! ','<span style="margin-right:-.2em"></span>');
*/

//binary operators
LatexCmds.diamond = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\diamond ', '&#9671;');
LatexCmds.bigtriangleup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigtriangleup ', '&#9651;');
LatexCmds.ominus = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ominus ', '&#8854;');
LatexCmds.uplus = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\uplus ', '&#8846;');
LatexCmds.bigtriangledown = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigtriangledown ', '&#9661;');
LatexCmds.sqcap = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqcap ', '&#8851;');
LatexCmds.triangleleft = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\triangleleft ', '&#8882;');
LatexCmds.sqcup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqcup ', '&#8852;');
LatexCmds.triangleright = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\triangleright ', '&#8883;');
LatexCmds.odot = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\odot ', '&#8857;');
LatexCmds.bigcirc = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigcirc ', '&#9711;');
LatexCmds.dagger = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\dagger ', '&#0134;');
LatexCmds.ddagger = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ddagger ', '&#135;');
LatexCmds.wr = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\wr ', '&#8768;');
LatexCmds.amalg = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\amalg ', '&#8720;');

//relationship symbols
LatexCmds.models = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\models ', '&#8872;');
LatexCmds.prec = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\prec ', '&#8826;');
LatexCmds.succ = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\succ ', '&#8827;');
LatexCmds.preceq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\preceq ', '&#8828;');
LatexCmds.succeq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\succeq ', '&#8829;');
LatexCmds.simeq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\simeq ', '&#8771;');
LatexCmds.mid = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\mid ', '&#8739;');
LatexCmds.ll = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ll ', '&#8810;');
LatexCmds.gg = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\gg ', '&#8811;');
LatexCmds.parallel = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\parallel ', '&#8741;');
LatexCmds.bowtie = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bowtie ', '&#8904;');
LatexCmds.sqsubset = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqsubset ', '&#8847;');
LatexCmds.sqsupset = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqsupset ', '&#8848;');
LatexCmds.smile = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\smile ', '&#8995;');
LatexCmds.sqsubseteq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqsubseteq ', '&#8849;');
LatexCmds.sqsupseteq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sqsupseteq ', '&#8850;');
LatexCmds.doteq = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\doteq ', '&#8784;');
LatexCmds.frown = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\frown ', '&#8994;');
LatexCmds.vdash = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\vdash ', '&#8870;');
LatexCmds.dashv = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\dashv ', '&#8867;');

//arrows
LatexCmds.longleftarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\longleftarrow ', '&#8592;');
LatexCmds.longrightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\longrightarrow ', '&#8594;');
LatexCmds.Longleftarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\Longleftarrow ', '&#8656;');
LatexCmds.Longrightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\Longrightarrow ', '&#8658;');
LatexCmds.longleftrightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\longleftrightarrow ', '&#8596;');
LatexCmds.updownarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\updownarrow ', '&#8597;');
LatexCmds.Longleftrightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\Longleftrightarrow ', '&#8660;');
LatexCmds.Updownarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\Updownarrow ', '&#8661;');
LatexCmds.mapsto = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\mapsto ', '&#8614;');
LatexCmds.nearrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\nearrow ', '&#8599;');
LatexCmds.hookleftarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\hookleftarrow ', '&#8617;');
LatexCmds.hookrightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\hookrightarrow ', '&#8618;');
LatexCmds.searrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\searrow ', '&#8600;');
LatexCmds.leftharpoonup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\leftharpoonup ', '&#8636;');
LatexCmds.rightharpoonup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\rightharpoonup ', '&#8640;');
LatexCmds.swarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\swarrow ', '&#8601;');
LatexCmds.leftharpoondown = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\leftharpoondown ', '&#8637;');
LatexCmds.rightharpoondown = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\rightharpoondown ', '&#8641;');
LatexCmds.nwarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\nwarrow ', '&#8598;');

//Misc
LatexCmds.ldots = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ldots ', '&#8230;');
LatexCmds.cdots = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\cdots ', '&#8943;');
LatexCmds.vdots = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\vdots ', '&#8942;');
LatexCmds.ddots = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ddots ', '&#8944;');
LatexCmds.surd = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\surd ', '&#8730;');
LatexCmds.triangle = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\triangle ', '&#9653;');
LatexCmds.ell = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ell ', '&#8467;');
LatexCmds.top = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\top ', '&#8868;');
LatexCmds.flat = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\flat ', '&#9837;');
LatexCmds.natural = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\natural ', '&#9838;');
LatexCmds.sharp = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\sharp ', '&#9839;');
LatexCmds.wp = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\wp ', '&#8472;');
LatexCmds.bot = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bot ', '&#8869;');
LatexCmds.clubsuit = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\clubsuit ', '&#9827;');
LatexCmds.diamondsuit = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\diamondsuit ', '&#9826;');
LatexCmds.heartsuit = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\heartsuit ', '&#9825;');
LatexCmds.spadesuit = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\spadesuit ', '&#9824;');

//variable-sized
LatexCmds.oint = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\oint ', '&#8750;');
LatexCmds.bigcap = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigcap ', '&#8745;');
LatexCmds.bigcup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigcup ', '&#8746;');
LatexCmds.bigsqcup = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigsqcup ', '&#8852;');
LatexCmds.bigvee = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigvee ', '&#8744;');
LatexCmds.bigwedge = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigwedge ', '&#8743;');
LatexCmds.bigodot = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigodot ', '&#8857;');
LatexCmds.bigotimes = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigotimes ', '&#8855;');
LatexCmds.bigoplus = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\bigoplus ', '&#8853;');
LatexCmds.biguplus = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\biguplus ', '&#8846;');

//delimiters
LatexCmds.lfloor = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\lfloor ', '&#8970;');
LatexCmds.rfloor = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\rfloor ', '&#8971;');
LatexCmds.lceil = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\lceil ', '&#8968;');
LatexCmds.rceil = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\rceil ', '&#8969;');
LatexCmds.slash = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\slash ', '&#47;');
LatexCmds.opencurlybrace = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\opencurlybrace ', '&#123;');
LatexCmds.closecurlybrace = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\closecurlybrace ', '&#125;');

//various symbols

LatexCmds['\u222b'] =
LatexCmds['int'] =
LatexCmds.integral = bind(Symbol,'\\int ','<big>&int;</big>');

LatexCmds.caret = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\caret ','^');
LatexCmds.underscore = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\underscore ','_');
LatexCmds.vert = bind(VanillaSymbol,'|');
LatexCmds.perp = LatexCmds.perpendicular = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\perp ','&perp;');
LatexCmds.nabla = LatexCmds.del = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\nabla ','&nabla;');
LatexCmds.hbar = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\hbar ','&#8463;');

LatexCmds.AA = LatexCmds.Angstrom = LatexCmds.angstrom =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\text\\AA ','&#8491;');

LatexCmds.ring = LatexCmds.circ = LatexCmds.circle =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\circ ','&#8728;');

LatexCmds.bull = LatexCmds.bullet = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\bullet ','&bull;');

LatexCmds.setminus = LatexCmds.smallsetminus =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\setminus ','&#8726;');

LatexCmds.not = //bind(Symbol,'\\not ','<span class="not">/</span>');
LatexCmds['\u00ac'] = LatexCmds.neg = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\neg ','&not;');

LatexCmds['\u2026'] = LatexCmds.dots = LatexCmds.ellip = LatexCmds.hellip =
LatexCmds.ellipsis = LatexCmds.hellipsis =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\dots ','&hellip;');

LatexCmds.converges =
LatexCmds.darr = LatexCmds.dnarr = LatexCmds.dnarrow = LatexCmds.downarrow =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\downarrow ','&darr;');

LatexCmds.dArr = LatexCmds.dnArr = LatexCmds.dnArrow = LatexCmds.Downarrow =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Downarrow ','&dArr;');

LatexCmds.diverges = LatexCmds.uarr = LatexCmds.uparrow =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\uparrow ','&uarr;');

LatexCmds.uArr = LatexCmds.Uparrow = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Uparrow ','&uArr;');

LatexCmds.to = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\to ','&rarr;');

LatexCmds.rarr = LatexCmds.rightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\rightarrow ','&rarr;');

LatexCmds.implies = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\Rightarrow ','&rArr;');

LatexCmds.rArr = LatexCmds.Rightarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Rightarrow ','&rArr;');

LatexCmds.gets = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\gets ','&larr;');

LatexCmds.larr = LatexCmds.leftarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\leftarrow ','&larr;');

LatexCmds.impliedby = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\Leftarrow ','&lArr;');

LatexCmds.lArr = LatexCmds.Leftarrow = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Leftarrow ','&lArr;');

LatexCmds.harr = LatexCmds.lrarr = LatexCmds.leftrightarrow =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\leftrightarrow ','&harr;');

LatexCmds.iff = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\Leftrightarrow ','&hArr;');

LatexCmds.hArr = LatexCmds.lrArr = LatexCmds.Leftrightarrow =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Leftrightarrow ','&hArr;');

LatexCmds.Re = LatexCmds.Real = LatexCmds.real = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Re ','&real;');

LatexCmds.Im = LatexCmds.imag =
LatexCmds.image = LatexCmds.imagin = LatexCmds.imaginary = LatexCmds.Imaginary =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\Im ','&image;');

LatexCmds.part = LatexCmds.partial = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\partial ','&part;');

LatexCmds.infty = LatexCmds.infin = LatexCmds.infinity =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\infty ','&infin;');

LatexCmds.alef = LatexCmds.alefsym = LatexCmds.aleph = LatexCmds.alephsym =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\aleph ','&alefsym;');

LatexCmds.xist = //LOL
LatexCmds.xists = LatexCmds.exist = LatexCmds.exists =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\exists ','&exist;');

LatexCmds.and = LatexCmds.land = LatexCmds.wedge =
  bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\wedge ','&and;');

LatexCmds.or = LatexCmds.lor = LatexCmds.vee = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\vee ','&or;');

LatexCmds.o = LatexCmds.O =
LatexCmds.empty = LatexCmds.emptyset =
LatexCmds.oslash = LatexCmds.Oslash =
LatexCmds.nothing = LatexCmds.varnothing =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\varnothing ','&empty;');

LatexCmds.cup = LatexCmds.union = bind(BinaryOperator,'\\cup ','&cup;');

LatexCmds.cap = LatexCmds.intersect = LatexCmds.intersection =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\cap ','&cap;');

LatexCmds.deg = LatexCmds.degree = bind(VanillaSymbol,'^\\circ ','&deg;');

LatexCmds.ang = LatexCmds.angle = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\angle ','&ang;');
/*********************************
 * Symbols for Basic Mathematics
 ********************************/

var Variable = P(Symbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ch, html) {
    super_.init.call(this, ch, '<var>'+(html || ch)+'</var>');
  };
  _.text = function() {
    var text = this.ctrlSeq;
    if (this[L] && !(this[L] instanceof Variable)
        && !(this[L] instanceof BinaryOperator))
      text = '*' + text;
    if (this[R] && !(this[R] instanceof BinaryOperator)
        && !(this[R].ctrlSeq === '^'))
      text += '*';
    return text;
  };
});

var AutoCmds = {}, MAX_AUTOCMD_LEN = 0;
MathQuill.addAutoCommands = function(cmds) {
  if (!/^[a-z]+(?: [a-z]+)*$/i.test(cmds)) {
    throw '"'+cmds+'" not a space-delimited list of only letters';
  }
  cmds = cmds.split(' ');
  for (var i = 0; i < cmds.length; i += 1) {
    if (cmds[i].length < 2) {
      throw 'autocommand "'+cmds[i]+'" not minimum length of 2';
    }
    if (UnItalicizedCmds.hasOwnProperty(cmds[i])) {
      throw '"' + cmds[i] + '" already auto-unitalicized';
    }
    AutoCmds[cmds[i]] = 1;
    MAX_AUTOCMD_LEN = max(cmds[i].length, MAX_AUTOCMD_LEN);
  }
};

var Letter = P(Variable, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ch) { return super_.init.call(this, this.letter = ch); };
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    if (MAX_AUTOCMD_LEN > 0) {
      // want longest possible autocommand, so join together longest
      // sequence of letters
      var str = this.letter, l = cursor[L], i = 1;
      while (l instanceof Letter && i < MAX_AUTOCMD_LEN) {
        str = l.letter + str, l = l[L], i += 1;
      }
      // check for an autocommand, going thru substrings longest to shortest
      while (str.length) {
        if (AutoCmds.hasOwnProperty(str)) {
          for (var i = 2, l = cursor[L]; i < str.length; i += 1, l = l[L]);
          Fragment(l, cursor[L]).remove();
          cursor[L] = l[L];
          return LatexCmds[str](str).createLeftOf(cursor);
        }
        str = str.slice(1);
      }
    }
    super_.createLeftOf.apply(this, arguments);
  };
  _.italicize = function(bool) {
    this.jQ.toggleClass('mq-un-italicized', !bool);
    return this;
  };
  _.finalizeTree = _.siblingDeleted = _.siblingCreated = function(dir) {
    // don't auto-unitalicize if the sibling to my right changed (dir === R or
    // undefined) and it's now a Letter, it will unitalicize everyone
    if (dir !== L && this[R] instanceof Letter) return;
    this.autoUnItalicize();
  };
  _.autoUnItalicize = function() {
    if (MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN === 0) return;
    // want longest possible auto-unitalicized command, so join together longest
    // sequence of letters
    var str = this.letter;
    for (var l = this[L]; l instanceof Letter; l = l[L]) str = l.letter + str;
    for (var r = this[R]; r instanceof Letter; r = r[R]) str += r.letter;

    // removeClass and delete flags from all letters before figuring out
    // which are part of an auto-unitalicized command, if any
    Fragment(l[R] || this.parent.ends[L], r[L] || this.parent.ends[R]).each(function(el) {
      el.italicize(true).jQ.removeClass('mq-first mq-last');
      el.ctrlSeq = el.letter;
    });

    // check for auto-unitalicized commands: at each position from left to
    // right, check substrings from longest to shortest
    outer: for (var i = 0, first = l[R] || this.parent.ends[L]; i < str.length; i += 1, first = first[R]) {
      for (var len = min(MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN, str.length - i); len > 0; len -= 1) {
        var word = str.slice(i, i + len);
        if (UnItalicizedCmds.hasOwnProperty(word)) {
          for (var j = 0, letter = first; j < len; j += 1, letter = letter[R]) {
            letter.italicize(false);
            var last = letter;
          }

          var isBuiltIn = OperatorNames.hasOwnProperty(word);
          first.ctrlSeq = (isBuiltIn ? '\\' : '\\operatorname{') + first.ctrlSeq;
          last.ctrlSeq += (isBuiltIn ? ' ' : '}');
          if (TwoWordOps.hasOwnProperty(word)) last[L][L][L].jQ.addClass('mq-last');
          if (nonOperatorSymbol(first[L])) first.jQ.addClass('mq-first');
          if (nonOperatorSymbol(last[R])) last.jQ.addClass('mq-last');

          i += len - 1;
          first = last;
          continue outer;
        }
      }
    }
  };
  function nonOperatorSymbol(node) {
    return node instanceof Symbol && !(node instanceof BinaryOperator);
  }
});
var OperatorNames = {}; // http://latex.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_LaTeX_symbols#Named_operators:_sin.2C_cos.2C_etc.
  // except for over/under line/arrow \lim variants like \varlimsup
var TwoWordOps = { limsup: 1, liminf: 1, projlim: 1, injlim: 1 };
var UnItalicizedCmds = {}, MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN = 9; // auto-unitalicized words
(function() {
  var mostOps = ('Pr arg deg det dim exp gcd hom inf ker lg lim ln log max min sup'
                 + ' limsup liminf injlim projlim Pr').split(' ');
  for (var i = 0; i < mostOps.length; i += 1) {
    OperatorNames[mostOps[i]] = UnItalicizedCmds[mostOps[i]] = 1;
  }

  var trigOps = 'sin cos tan arcsin arccos arctan sinh cosh tanh'.split(' ');
  for (var i = 0; i < trigOps.length; i += 1) OperatorNames[trigOps[i]] = 1;
  OperatorNames.sec = OperatorNames.csc = OperatorNames.cot =
  OperatorNames.coth = 1; // why coth but not sech and csch, LaTeX?

  var trigs = 'sin cos tan sec cosec csc cotan cot ctg'.split(' ');
  for (var i = 0; i < trigs.length; i += 1) {
    UnItalicizedCmds[trigs[i]] =
    UnItalicizedCmds['arc'+trigs[i]] =
    UnItalicizedCmds[trigs[i]+'h'] =
    UnItalicizedCmds['ar'+trigs[i]+'h'] =
    UnItalicizedCmds['arc'+trigs[i]+'h'] = 1;
  }
}());
MathQuill.overrideAutoUnitalicized = function(cmds) {
  if (!/^[a-z]+(?: [a-z]+)*$/i.test(cmds)) {
    throw '"'+cmds+'" not a space-delimited list of only letters';
  }
  cmds = cmds.split(' ');

  UnItalicizedCmds = {};
  MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN = 0;
  for (var i = 0; i < cmds.length; i += 1) {
    if (cmds[i].length < 2) {
      throw '"'+cmds[i]+'" not minimum length of 2';
    }
    UnItalicizedCmds[cmds[i]] = 1;
    MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN = max(cmds[i].length, MAX_UNITALICIZED_LEN);
  }
};
var UnItalicized = P(Symbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(fn) { this.ctrlSeq = fn; };
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    var fn = this.ctrlSeq;
    for (var i = 0; i < fn.length; i += 1) {
      Letter(fn.charAt(i)).createLeftOf(cursor);
    }
  };
  _.parser = function() {
    var fn = this.ctrlSeq;
    var block = MathBlock();
    for (var i = 0; i < fn.length; i += 1) {
      Letter(fn.charAt(i)).adopt(block, block.ends[R], 0);
    }
    return Parser.succeed(block.children());
  };
});
for (var fn in OperatorNames) if (OperatorNames.hasOwnProperty(fn)) {
  LatexCmds[fn] = UnItalicized;
}
LatexCmds.operatorname = P(MathCommand, function(_) {
  _.createLeftOf = noop;
  _.numBlocks = function() { return 1; };
  _.parser = function() {
    return latexMathParser.block.map(function(b) { return b.children(); });
  };
});

LatexCmds.f = P(Letter, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function() {
    Symbol.p.init.call(this, this.letter = 'f', '<var class="mq-florin">&fnof;</var>');
  };
  _.italicize = function(bool) {
    this.jQ.html(bool ? '&fnof;' : 'f').toggleClass('mq-florin', bool);
    return super_.italicize.apply(this, arguments);
  };
});

// VanillaSymbol's
LatexCmds[' '] = LatexCmds.space = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\ ', ' ');

LatexCmds["'"] = LatexCmds.prime = bind(VanillaSymbol, "'", '&prime;');

LatexCmds.backslash = bind(VanillaSymbol,'\\backslash ','\\');
if (!CharCmds['\\']) CharCmds['\\'] = LatexCmds.backslash;

LatexCmds.$ = bind(VanillaSymbol, '\\$', '$');

// does not use Symbola font
var NonSymbolaSymbol = P(Symbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ch, html) {
    super_.init.call(this, ch, '<span class="mq-nonSymbola">'+(html || ch)+'</span>');
  };
});

LatexCmds['@'] = NonSymbolaSymbol;
LatexCmds['&'] = bind(NonSymbolaSymbol, '\\&', '&amp;');
LatexCmds['%'] = bind(NonSymbolaSymbol, '\\%', '%');

//the following are all Greek to me, but this helped a lot: http://www.ams.org/STIX/ion/stixsig03.html

//lowercase Greek letter variables
LatexCmds.alpha =
LatexCmds.beta =
LatexCmds.gamma =
LatexCmds.delta =
LatexCmds.zeta =
LatexCmds.eta =
LatexCmds.theta =
LatexCmds.iota =
LatexCmds.kappa =
LatexCmds.mu =
LatexCmds.nu =
LatexCmds.xi =
LatexCmds.rho =
LatexCmds.sigma =
LatexCmds.tau =
LatexCmds.chi =
LatexCmds.psi =
LatexCmds.omega = P(Variable, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(latex) {
    super_.init.call(this,'\\'+latex+' ','&'+latex+';');
  };
});

//why can't anybody FUCKING agree on these
LatexCmds.phi = //W3C or Unicode?
  bind(Variable,'\\phi ','&#981;');

LatexCmds.phiv = //Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.varphi = //AMS and LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varphi ','&phi;');

LatexCmds.epsilon = //W3C or Unicode?
  bind(Variable,'\\epsilon ','&#1013;');

LatexCmds.epsiv = //Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.varepsilon = //AMS and LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varepsilon ','&epsilon;');

LatexCmds.piv = //W3C/Unicode and Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.varpi = //AMS and LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varpi ','&piv;');

LatexCmds.sigmaf = //W3C/Unicode
LatexCmds.sigmav = //Elsevier
LatexCmds.varsigma = //LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varsigma ','&sigmaf;');

LatexCmds.thetav = //Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.vartheta = //AMS and LaTeX
LatexCmds.thetasym = //W3C/Unicode
  bind(Variable,'\\vartheta ','&thetasym;');

LatexCmds.upsilon = //AMS and LaTeX and W3C/Unicode
LatexCmds.upsi = //Elsevier and 9573-13
  bind(Variable,'\\upsilon ','&upsilon;');

//these aren't even mentioned in the HTML character entity references
LatexCmds.gammad = //Elsevier
LatexCmds.Gammad = //9573-13 -- WTF, right? I dunno if this was a typo in the reference (see above)
LatexCmds.digamma = //LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\digamma ','&#989;');

LatexCmds.kappav = //Elsevier
LatexCmds.varkappa = //AMS and LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varkappa ','&#1008;');

LatexCmds.rhov = //Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.varrho = //AMS and LaTeX
  bind(Variable,'\\varrho ','&#1009;');

//Greek constants, look best in un-italicised Times New Roman
LatexCmds.pi = LatexCmds['\u03c0'] = bind(NonSymbolaSymbol,'\\pi ','&pi;');
LatexCmds.lambda = bind(NonSymbolaSymbol,'\\lambda ','&lambda;');

//uppercase greek letters

LatexCmds.Upsilon = //LaTeX
LatexCmds.Upsi = //Elsevier and 9573-13
LatexCmds.upsih = //W3C/Unicode "upsilon with hook"
LatexCmds.Upsih = //'cos it makes sense to me
  bind(Symbol,'\\Upsilon ','<var style="font-family: serif">&upsih;</var>'); //Symbola's 'upsilon with a hook' is a capital Y without hooks :(

//other symbols with the same LaTeX command and HTML character entity reference
LatexCmds.Gamma =
LatexCmds.Delta =
LatexCmds.Theta =
LatexCmds.Lambda =
LatexCmds.Xi =
LatexCmds.Pi =
LatexCmds.Sigma =
LatexCmds.Phi =
LatexCmds.Psi =
LatexCmds.Omega =
LatexCmds.forall = P(VanillaSymbol, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(latex) {
    super_.init.call(this,'\\'+latex+' ','&'+latex+';');
  };
});

// symbols that aren't a single MathCommand, but are instead a whole
// Fragment. Creates the Fragment from a LaTeX string
var LatexFragment = P(MathCommand, function(_) {
  _.init = function(latex) { this.latex = latex; };
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    var block = latexMathParser.parse(this.latex);
    block.children().adopt(cursor.parent, cursor[L], cursor[R]);
    cursor[L] = block.ends[R];
    block.jQize().insertBefore(cursor.jQ);
    block.finalizeInsert(cursor);
    if (block.ends[R][R].siblingCreated) block.ends[R][R].siblingCreated(L);
    if (block.ends[L][L].siblingCreated) block.ends[L][L].siblingCreated(R);
    cursor.parent.bubble('edited');
  };
  _.parser = function() {
    var frag = latexMathParser.parse(this.latex).children();
    return Parser.succeed(frag);
  };
});

// for what seems to me like [stupid reasons][1], Unicode provides
// subscripted and superscripted versions of all ten Arabic numerals,
// as well as [so-called "vulgar fractions"][2].
// Nobody really cares about most of them, but some of them actually
// predate Unicode, dating back to [ISO-8859-1][3], apparently also
// known as "Latin-1", which among other things [Windows-1252][4]
// largely coincides with, so Microsoft Word sometimes inserts them
// and they get copy-pasted into MathQuill.
//
// (Irrelevant but funny story: Windows-1252 is actually a strict
// superset of the "closely related but distinct"[3] "ISO 8859-1" --
// see the lack of a dash after "ISO"? Completely different character
// set, like elephants vs elephant seals, or "Zombies" vs "Zombie
// Redneck Torture Family". What kind of idiot would get them confused.
// People in fact got them confused so much, it was so common to
// mislabel Windows-1252 text as ISO-8859-1, that most modern web
// browsers and email clients treat the MIME charset of ISO-8859-1
// as actually Windows-1252, behavior now standard in the HTML5 spec.)
//
// [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_andsuper_scripts
// [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Forms
// [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1
// [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252
LatexCmds['\u00b9'] = bind(LatexFragment, '^1');
LatexCmds['\u00b2'] = bind(LatexFragment, '^2');
LatexCmds['\u00b3'] = bind(LatexFragment, '^3');
LatexCmds['\u00bc'] = bind(LatexFragment, '\\frac14');
LatexCmds['\u00bd'] = bind(LatexFragment, '\\frac12');
LatexCmds['\u00be'] = bind(LatexFragment, '\\frac34');

var PlusMinus = P(BinaryOperator, function(_) {
  _.init = VanillaSymbol.prototype.init;

  _.contactWeld = _.siblingCreated = _.siblingDeleted = function(dir) {
    if (dir === R) return; // ignore if sibling only changed on the right
    this.jQ[0].className =
      (!this[L] || this[L] instanceof BinaryOperator ? '' : 'mq-binary-operator');
    return this;
  };
});

LatexCmds['+'] = bind(PlusMinus, '+', '+');
//yes, these are different dashes, I think one is an en dash and the other is a hyphen
LatexCmds['\u2013'] = LatexCmds['-'] = bind(PlusMinus, '-', '&minus;');
LatexCmds['\u00b1'] = LatexCmds.pm = LatexCmds.plusmn = LatexCmds.plusminus =
  bind(PlusMinus,'\\pm ','&plusmn;');
LatexCmds.mp = LatexCmds.mnplus = LatexCmds.minusplus =
  bind(PlusMinus,'\\mp ','&#8723;');

CharCmds['*'] = LatexCmds.sdot = LatexCmds.cdot =
  bind(BinaryOperator, '\\cdot ', '&middot;');
//semantically should be &sdot;, but &middot; looks better

var Inequality = P(BinaryOperator, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(data, strict) {
    this.data = data;
    this.strict = strict;
    var strictness = (strict ? 'Strict' : '');
    super_.init.call(this, data['ctrlSeq'+strictness], data['html'+strictness],
                     data['text'+strictness]);
  };
  _.swap = function(strict) {
    this.strict = strict;
    var strictness = (strict ? 'Strict' : '');
    this.ctrlSeq = this.data['ctrlSeq'+strictness];
    this.jQ.html(this.data['html'+strictness]);
    this.textTemplate = [ this.data['text'+strictness] ];
  };
  _.deleteTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    if (dir === L && !this.strict) {
      this.swap(true);
      this.finalizeInsert();
      return;
    }
    super_.deleteTowards.apply(this, arguments);
  };
});

var less = { ctrlSeq: '\\le ', html: '&le;', text: '\u2264',
             ctrlSeqStrict: '<', htmlStrict: '&lt;', textStrict: '<' };
var greater = { ctrlSeq: '\\ge ', html: '&ge;', text: '\u2265',
                ctrlSeqStrict: '>', htmlStrict: '&gt;', textStrict: '>' };

LatexCmds['<'] = LatexCmds.lt = bind(Inequality, less, true);
LatexCmds['>'] = LatexCmds.gt = bind(Inequality, greater, true);
LatexCmds['\u2264'] = LatexCmds.le = LatexCmds.leq = bind(Inequality, less, false);
LatexCmds['\u2265'] = LatexCmds.ge = LatexCmds.geq = bind(Inequality, greater, false);

var Equality = P(BinaryOperator, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function() {
    super_.init.call(this, '=', '=');
  };
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    if (cursor[L] instanceof Inequality && cursor[L].strict) {
      cursor[L].swap(false);
      cursor[L].finalizeInsert();
      return;
    }
    super_.createLeftOf.apply(this, arguments);
  };
});
LatexCmds['='] = Equality;

LatexCmds.times = bind(BinaryOperator, '\\times ', '&times;', '[x]');

LatexCmds['\u00f7'] = LatexCmds.div = LatexCmds.divide = LatexCmds.divides =
  bind(BinaryOperator,'\\div ','&divide;', '[/]');
/***************************
 * Commands and Operators.
 **************************/

var scale, // = function(jQ, x, y) { ... }
//will use a CSS 2D transform to scale the jQuery-wrapped HTML elements,
//or the filter matrix transform fallback for IE 5.5-8, or gracefully degrade to
//increasing the fontSize to match the vertical Y scaling factor.

//ideas from http://github.com/louisremi/jquery.transform.js
//see also http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms533014(v=vs.85).aspx

  forceIERedraw = noop,
  div = document.createElement('div'),
  div_style = div.style,
  transformPropNames = {
    transform:1,
    WebkitTransform:1,
    MozTransform:1,
    OTransform:1,
    msTransform:1
  },
  transformPropName;

for (var prop in transformPropNames) {
  if (prop in div_style) {
    transformPropName = prop;
    break;
  }
}

if (transformPropName) {
  scale = function(jQ, x, y) {
    jQ.css(transformPropName, 'scale('+x+','+y+')');
  };
}
else if ('filter' in div_style) { //IE 6, 7, & 8 fallback, see https://github.com/laughinghan/mathquill/wiki/Transforms
  forceIERedraw = function(el){ el.className = el.className; };
  scale = function(jQ, x, y) { //NOTE: assumes y > x
    x /= (1+(y-1)/2);
    jQ.css('fontSize', y + 'em');
    if (!jQ.hasClass('mq-matrixed-container')) {
      jQ.addClass('mq-matrixed-container')
      .wrapInner('<span class="mq-matrixed"></span>');
    }
    var innerjQ = jQ.children()
    .css('filter', 'progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft'
        + '.Matrix(M11=' + x + ",SizingMethod='auto expand')"
    );
    function calculateMarginRight() {
      jQ.css('marginRight', (innerjQ.width()-1)*(x-1)/x + 'px');
    }
    calculateMarginRight();
    var intervalId = setInterval(calculateMarginRight);
    $(window).load(function() {
      clearTimeout(intervalId);
      calculateMarginRight();
    });
  };
}
else {
  scale = function(jQ, x, y) {
    jQ.css('fontSize', y + 'em');
  };
}

var Style = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ctrlSeq, tagName, attrs) {
    super_.init.call(this, ctrlSeq, '<'+tagName+' '+attrs+'>&0</'+tagName+'>');
  };
});

//fonts
LatexCmds.mathrm = bind(Style, '\\mathrm', 'span', 'class="mq-roman mq-font"');
LatexCmds.mathit = bind(Style, '\\mathit', 'i', 'class="mq-font"');
LatexCmds.mathbf = bind(Style, '\\mathbf', 'b', 'class="mq-font"');
LatexCmds.mathsf = bind(Style, '\\mathsf', 'span', 'class="mq-sans-serif mq-font"');
LatexCmds.mathtt = bind(Style, '\\mathtt', 'span', 'class="mq-monospace mq-font"');
//text-decoration
LatexCmds.underline = bind(Style, '\\underline', 'span', 'class="mq-non-leaf mq-underline"');
LatexCmds.overline = LatexCmds.bar = bind(Style, '\\overline', 'span', 'class="mq-non-leaf mq-overline"');

// `\textcolor{color}{math}` will apply a color to the given math content, where
// `color` is any valid CSS Color Value (see [SitePoint docs][] (recommended),
// [Mozilla docs][], or [W3C spec][]).
//
// [SitePoint docs]: http://reference.sitepoint.com/css/colorvalues
// [Mozilla docs]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/CSS/color_value#Values
// [W3C spec]: http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css3-color/#colorunits
var TextColor = LatexCmds.textcolor = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.setColor = function(color) {
    this.color = color;
    this.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-textcolor" style="color:' + color + '">&0</span>';
  };
  _.latex = function() {
    return '\\textcolor{' + this.color + '}{' + this.blocks[0].latex() + '}';
  };
  _.parser = function() {
    var self = this;
    var optWhitespace = Parser.optWhitespace;
    var string = Parser.string;
    var regex = Parser.regex;

    return optWhitespace
      .then(string('{'))
      .then(regex(/^[#\w\s.,()%-]*/))
      .skip(string('}'))
      .then(function(color) {
        self.setColor(color);
        return super_.parser.call(self);
      })
    ;
  };
});

// Very similar to the \textcolor command, but will add the given CSS class.
// Usage: \class{classname}{math}
// Note regex that whitelists valid CSS classname characters:
// https://github.com/mathquill/mathquill/pull/191#discussion_r4327442
var Class = LatexCmds['class'] = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.parser = function() {
    var self = this, string = Parser.string, regex = Parser.regex;
    return Parser.optWhitespace
      .then(string('{'))
      .then(regex(/^[-\w\s\\\xA0-\xFF]*/))
      .skip(string('}'))
      .then(function(cls) {
        self.htmlTemplate = '<span class="mq-class '+cls+'">&0</span>';
        return super_.parser.call(self);
      })
    ;
  };
});

var SupSub = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '_{...}^{...}';
  _.contactWeld = function(cursor) {
    // Look on either side for a SupSub, if one is found compare my
    // .sub, .sup with its .sub, .sup. If I have one that it doesn't,
    // then call .addBlock() on it with my block; if I have one that
    // it also has, then insert my block's children into its block,
    // unless my block has none, in which case insert the cursor into
    // its block (and not mine, I'm about to remove myself) in the case
    // I was just typed.
    // TODO: simplify

    // equiv. to [L, R].forEach(function(dir) { ... });
    for (var dir = L; dir; dir = (dir === L ? R : false)) {
      if (this[dir] instanceof SupSub) {
        // equiv. to 'sub sup'.split(' ').forEach(function(supsub) { ... });
        for (var supsub = 'sub'; supsub; supsub = (supsub === 'sub' ? 'sup' : false)) {
          var src = this[supsub], dest = this[dir][supsub];
          if (!src) continue;
          if (!dest) this[dir].addBlock(src.disown());
          else if (!src.isEmpty()) { // ins src children at -dir end of dest
            src.jQ.children().insAtDirEnd(-dir, dest.jQ);
            var children = src.children().disown();
            var pt = Point(dest, children.ends[R], dest.ends[L]);
            if (dir === L) children.adopt(dest, dest.ends[R], 0);
            else children.adopt(dest, 0, dest.ends[L]);
          }
          else var pt = Point(dest, 0, dest.ends[L]);
          this.placeCursor = (function(dest, src) { // TODO: don't monkey-patch
            return function(cursor) { cursor.insAtDirEnd(-dir, dest || src); };
          }(dest, src));
        }
        this.remove();
        if (cursor && cursor[L] === this) {
          if (dir === R && pt) {
            pt[L] ? cursor.insRightOf(pt[L]) : cursor.insAtLeftEnd(pt.parent);
          }
          else cursor.insRightOf(this[dir]);
        }
        break;
      }
    }
    this.respace();
  };
  var chars = '';
  MathQuill.addCharsThatBreakOutOfSupSub = function(c) { chars += c; };
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.ends[L].write = function(cursor, ch) {
      // Break out of super/subscripts if character matches,
      // unless it's the negative sign at the very start.
      if (chars.indexOf(ch) > -1 && !(ch === '-' && !cursor[L]) ) {
        cursor.insRightOf(this.parent);
      }
      MathBlock.p.write.apply(this, arguments);
    };
  };
  _.latex = function() {
    function latex(prefix, block) {
      var l = block && block.latex();
      return block ? prefix + (l.length === 1 ? l : '{' + (l || ' ') + '}') : '';
    }
    return latex('_', this.sub) + latex('^', this.sup);
  };
  _.respace = _.siblingCreated = _.siblingDeleted = function(dir) {
    if (dir === R) return; // ignore if sibling only changed on the right
    this.jQ.toggleClass('mq-limit', this[L].ctrlSeq === '\\int ');
  };
  _.addBlock = function(block) {
    if (this.supsub === 'sub') {
      this.sup = this.upInto = this.sub.upOutOf = block;
      block.adopt(this, this.sub, 0).downOutOf = this.sub;
      block.jQ = $('<span class="mq-sup"/>').append(block.jQ.children())
        .attr(mqBlockId, block.id).prependTo(this.jQ);
    }
    else {
      this.sub = this.downInto = this.sup.downOutOf = block;
      block.adopt(this, 0, this.sup).upOutOf = this.sup;
      block.jQ = $('<span class="mq-sub"></span>').append(block.jQ.children())
        .attr(mqBlockId, block.id).appendTo(this.jQ.removeClass('mq-sup-only'));
      this.jQ.append('<span style="display:inline-block;width:0">&nbsp;</span>');
    }
    // like 'sub sup'.split(' ').forEach(function(supsub) { ... });
    for (var i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) (function(cmd, supsub, oppositeSupsub, updown) {
      cmd[supsub].deleteOutOf = function(dir, cursor) {
        cursor.insDirOf(dir, this.parent);
        if (!this.isEmpty()) {
          cursor[-dir] = this.ends[dir];
          this.children().disown()
            .withDirAdopt(dir, cursor.parent, cursor[dir], this.parent)
            .jQ.insDirOf(dir, this.parent.jQ);
        }
        cmd.supsub = oppositeSupsub;
        delete cmd[supsub];
        delete cmd[updown+'Into'];
        cmd[oppositeSupsub][updown+'OutOf'] = insLeftOfMeUnlessAtEnd;
        delete cmd[oppositeSupsub].deleteOutOf;
        if (supsub === 'sub') $(cmd.jQ.addClass('mq-sup-only')[0].lastChild).remove();
        this.remove();
      };
    }(this, 'sub sup'.split(' ')[i], 'sup sub'.split(' ')[i], 'down up'.split(' ')[i]));
  };
});

var SummationNotation = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(ch, html) {
    var htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-large-operator mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-to"><span>&1</span></span>'
    +   '<big>'+html+'</big>'
    +   '<span class="mq-from"><span>&0</span></span>'
    + '</span>'
    ;
    Symbol.prototype.init.call(this, ch, htmlTemplate);
  };
  _.latex = function() {
    function simplify(latex) {
      return latex.length === 1 ? latex : '{' + (latex || ' ') + '}';
    }
    return this.ctrlSeq + '_' + simplify(this.ends[L].latex()) +
      '^' + simplify(this.ends[R].latex());
  };
  _.parser = function() {
    var string = Parser.string;
    var optWhitespace = Parser.optWhitespace;
    var succeed = Parser.succeed;
    var block = latexMathParser.block;

    var self = this;
    var blocks = self.blocks = [ MathBlock(), MathBlock() ];
    for (var i = 0; i < blocks.length; i += 1) {
      blocks[i].adopt(self, self.ends[R], 0);
    }

    return optWhitespace.then(string('_').or(string('^'))).then(function(supOrSub) {
      var child = blocks[supOrSub === '_' ? 0 : 1];
      return block.then(function(block) {
        block.children().adopt(child, child.ends[R], 0);
        return succeed(self);
      });
    }).many().result(self);
  };
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.downInto = this.ends[L];
    this.upInto = this.ends[R];
    this.ends[L].upOutOf = this.ends[R];
    this.ends[R].downOutOf = this.ends[L];
  };
});

LatexCmds['\u2211'] =
LatexCmds.sum =
LatexCmds.summation = bind(SummationNotation,'\\sum ','&sum;');

LatexCmds['\u220f'] =
LatexCmds.prod =
LatexCmds.product = bind(SummationNotation,'\\prod ','&prod;');

LatexCmds.coprod =
LatexCmds.coproduct = bind(SummationNotation,'\\coprod ','&#8720;');



function insLeftOfMeUnlessAtEnd(cursor) {
  // cursor.insLeftOf(cmd), unless cursor at the end of block, and every
  // ancestor cmd is at the end of every ancestor block
  var cmd = this.parent, ancestorCmd = cursor;
  do {
    if (ancestorCmd[R]) return cursor.insLeftOf(cmd);
    ancestorCmd = ancestorCmd.parent.parent;
  } while (ancestorCmd !== cmd);
  cursor.insRightOf(cmd);
}

LatexCmds.subscript =
LatexCmds._ = P(SupSub, function(_, super_) {
  _.supsub = 'sub';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-supsub mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-sub">&0</span>'
    +   '<span style="display:inline-block;width:0">&nbsp;</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = [ '_' ];
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.downInto = this.sub = this.ends[L];
    this.sub.upOutOf = insLeftOfMeUnlessAtEnd;
    super_.finalizeTree.call(this);
  };
});

LatexCmds.superscript =
LatexCmds.supscript =
LatexCmds['^'] = P(SupSub, function(_, super_) {
  _.supsub = 'sup';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-supsub mq-non-leaf mq-sup-only">'
    +   '<span class="mq-sup">&0</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = [ '**' ];
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.upInto = this.sup = this.ends[R];
    this.sup.downOutOf = insLeftOfMeUnlessAtEnd;
    super_.finalizeTree.call(this);
  };
});

var Fraction =
LatexCmds.frac =
LatexCmds.dfrac =
LatexCmds.cfrac =
LatexCmds.fraction = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '\\frac';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-fraction mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-numerator">&0</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-denominator">&1</span>'
    +   '<span style="display:inline-block;width:0">&nbsp;</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = ['(', '/', ')'];
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.upInto = this.ends[R].upOutOf = this.ends[L];
    this.downInto = this.ends[L].downOutOf = this.ends[R];
  };
});

var LiveFraction =
LatexCmds.over =
CharCmds['/'] = P(Fraction, function(_, super_) {
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    if (!this.replacedFragment) {
      var leftward = cursor[L];
      while (leftward &&
        !(
          leftward instanceof BinaryOperator ||
          (typeof(TextBlock) !== "undefined" && leftward instanceof TextBlock) ||
          leftward instanceof SummationNotation ||
          leftward.ctrlSeq === '\\ ' ||
          /^[,;:]$/.test(leftward.ctrlSeq)
        ) //lookbehind for operator
      ) leftward = leftward[L];

      if (leftward instanceof SummationNotation && leftward[R] instanceof SupSub) {
        leftward = leftward[R];
        if (leftward[R] instanceof SupSub && leftward[R].ctrlSeq != leftward.ctrlSeq)
          leftward = leftward[R];
      }

      if (leftward !== cursor[L]) {
        this.replaces(Fragment(leftward[R] || cursor.parent.ends[L], cursor[L]));
        cursor[L] = leftward;
      }
    }
    super_.createLeftOf.call(this, cursor);
  };
});

var SquareRoot =
LatexCmds.sqrt =
LatexCmds['\u221a'] = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '\\sqrt';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-scaled mq-sqrt-prefix">&radic;</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-non-leaf mq-sqrt-stem">&0</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = ['sqrt(', ')'];
  _.parser = function() {
    return latexMathParser.optBlock.then(function(optBlock) {
      return latexMathParser.block.map(function(block) {
        var nthroot = NthRoot();
        nthroot.blocks = [ optBlock, block ];
        optBlock.adopt(nthroot, 0, 0);
        block.adopt(nthroot, optBlock, 0);
        return nthroot;
      });
    }).or(super_.parser.call(this));
  };
  _.edited = function() {
    var block = this.ends[R].jQ;
    scale(block.prev(), 1, block.innerHeight()/+block.css('fontSize').slice(0,-2) - .1);
  };
});

var Vec = LatexCmds.vec = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '\\vec';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-vector-prefix">&rarr;</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-vector-stem">&0</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = ['vec(', ')'];
});

var NthRoot =
LatexCmds.nthroot = P(SquareRoot, function(_, super_) {
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<sup class="mq-nthroot mq-non-leaf">&0</sup>'
    + '<span class="mq-scaled">'
    +   '<span class="mq-sqrt-prefix mq-scaled">&radic;</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-sqrt-stem mq-non-leaf">&1</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = ['sqrt[', '](', ')'];
  _.latex = function() {
    return '\\sqrt['+this.ends[L].latex()+']{'+this.ends[R].latex()+'}';
  };
});

function DelimsMixin(_, super_) {
  _.jQadd = function() {
    super_.jQadd.apply(this, arguments);
    this.delimjQs = this.jQ.children(':first').add(this.jQ.children(':last'));
    this.contentjQ = this.jQ.children(':eq(1)');
  };
  _.edited = function() {
    var height = this.contentjQ.outerHeight()
                 / parseInt(this.contentjQ.css('fontSize'), 10);
    scale(this.delimjQs, min(1 + .2*(height - 1), 1.2), 1.05*height);
  };
}

// Round/Square/Curly/Angle Brackets (aka Parens/Brackets/Braces)
//   first typed as one-sided bracket with matching "ghost" bracket at
//   far end of current block, until you type an opposing one
var Bracket = P(P(MathCommand, DelimsMixin), function(_, super_) {
  _.init = function(side, open, close, ctrlSeq, end) {
    super_.init.call(this, '\\left'+ctrlSeq, undefined, [open, close]);
    this.side = side;
    this.sides = {};
    this.sides[L] = { ch: open, ctrlSeq: ctrlSeq };
    this.sides[R] = { ch: close, ctrlSeq: end };
  };
  _.numBlocks = function() { return 1; };
  _.html = function() { // wait until now so that .side may
    this.htmlTemplate = // be set by createLeftOf or parser
        '<span class="mq-non-leaf">'
      +   '<span class="mq-scaled mq-paren'+(this.side === R ? ' mq-ghost' : '')+'">'
      +     this.sides[L].ch
      +   '</span>'
      +   '<span class="mq-non-leaf">&0</span>'
      +   '<span class="mq-scaled mq-paren'+(this.side === L ? ' mq-ghost' : '')+'">'
      +     this.sides[R].ch
      +   '</span>'
      + '</span>'
    ;
    return super_.html.call(this);
  };
  _.latex = function() {
    return '\\left'+this.sides[L].ctrlSeq+this.ends[L].latex()+'\\right'+this.sides[R].ctrlSeq;
  };
  _.oppBrack = function(node, expectedSide) {
    // node must be 1-sided bracket of expected side (if any, may be undefined),
    // and unless I'm a pipe, node and I must be opposite-facing sides
    return node instanceof Bracket && node.side && node.side !== -expectedSide
      && (this.sides[this.side].ch === '|' || node.side === -this.side) && node;
  };
  _.closeOpposing = function(brack) {
    brack.side = 0;
    brack.sides[this.side] = this.sides[this.side]; // copy over my info (may be
    brack.delimjQs.eq(this.side === L ? 0 : 1) // mis-matched, like [a, b))
      .removeClass('mq-ghost').html(this.sides[this.side].ch);
  };
  _.createLeftOf = function(cursor) {
    if (!this.replacedFragment) { // unless wrapping seln in brackets,
        // check if next to or inside an opposing one-sided bracket
      var brack = this.oppBrack(cursor[L], L) || this.oppBrack(cursor[R], R)
                  || this.oppBrack(cursor.parent.parent);
    }
    if (brack) {
      var side = this.side = -brack.side; // may be pipe with .side not yet set
      this.closeOpposing(brack);
      if (brack === cursor.parent.parent && cursor[side]) { // move the stuff between
        Fragment(cursor[side], cursor.parent.ends[side], -side) // me and ghost outside
          .disown().withDirAdopt(-side, brack.parent, brack, brack[side])
          .jQ.insDirOf(side, brack.jQ);
        brack.bubble('edited');
      }
    }
    else {
      brack = this, side = brack.side;
      if (brack.replacedFragment) brack.side = 0; // wrapping seln, don't be one-sided
      else if (cursor[-side]) { // elsewise, auto-expand so ghost is at far end
        brack.replaces(Fragment(cursor[-side], cursor.parent.ends[-side], side));
        cursor[-side] = 0;
      }
      super_.createLeftOf.call(brack, cursor);
    }
    if (side === L) cursor.insAtLeftEnd(brack.ends[L]);
    else cursor.insRightOf(brack);
  };
  _.placeCursor = noop;
  _.unwrap = function() {
    this.ends[L].children().disown().adopt(this.parent, this, this[R])
      .jQ.insertAfter(this.jQ);
    this.remove();
  };
  _.deleteSide = function(side, outward, cursor) {
    var parent = this.parent, sib = this[side], farEnd = parent.ends[side];

    if (side === this.side) { // deleting non-ghost of one-sided bracket, unwrap
      this.unwrap();
      sib ? cursor.insDirOf(-side, sib) : cursor.insAtDirEnd(side, parent);
      return;
    }

    this.side = -side;
    // check if like deleting outer close-brace of [(1+2)+3} where inner open-
    if (this.oppBrack(this.ends[L].ends[this.side], side)) { // paren is ghost,
      this.closeOpposing(this.ends[L].ends[this.side]); // if so become [1+2)+3
      var origEnd = this.ends[L].ends[side];
      this.unwrap();
      if (origEnd.siblingCreated) origEnd.siblingCreated(side);
      sib ? cursor.insDirOf(-side, sib) : cursor.insAtDirEnd(side, parent);
    }
    else { // check if like deleting inner close-brace of ([1+2}+3) where
      if (this.oppBrack(this.parent.parent, side)) { // outer open-paren is
        this.parent.parent.closeOpposing(this); // ghost, if so become [1+2+3)
        this.parent.parent.unwrap();
      }
      else { // deleting one of a pair of brackets, become one-sided
        this.sides[side] = { ch: OPP_BRACKS[this.sides[this.side].ch],
                             ctrlSeq: OPP_BRACKS[this.sides[this.side].ctrlSeq] };
        this.delimjQs.removeClass('mq-ghost')
          .eq(side === L ? 0 : 1).addClass('mq-ghost').html(this.sides[side].ch);
      }
      if (sib) { // auto-expand so ghost is at far end
        var origEnd = this.ends[L].ends[side];
        Fragment(sib, farEnd, -side).disown()
          .withDirAdopt(-side, this.ends[L], origEnd, 0)
          .jQ.insAtDirEnd(side, this.ends[L].jQ.removeClass('mq-empty'));
        if (origEnd.siblingCreated) origEnd.siblingCreated(side);
        cursor.insDirOf(-side, sib);
      } // didn't auto-expand, cursor goes just outside or just inside parens
      else (outward ? cursor.insDirOf(side, this)
                    : cursor.insAtDirEnd(side, this.ends[L]));
    }
  };
  _.deleteTowards = function(dir, cursor) {
    this.deleteSide(-dir, false, cursor);
  };
  _.finalizeTree = function() {
    this.ends[L].deleteOutOf = function(dir, cursor) {
      this.parent.deleteSide(dir, true, cursor);
    };
    // FIXME HACK: after initial creation/insertion, finalizeTree would only be
    // called if the paren is selected and replaced, e.g. by LiveFraction
    this.finalizeTree = this.intentionalBlur = function() {
      this.delimjQs.eq(this.side === L ? 1 : 0).removeClass('mq-ghost');
      this.side = 0;
    };
  };
  _.siblingCreated = function(dir) { // if something typed between ghost and far
    if (dir === -this.side) this.finalizeTree(); // end of its block, solidify
  };
});

var OPP_BRACKS = {
  '(': ')',
  ')': '(',
  '[': ']',
  ']': '[',
  '{': '}',
  '}': '{',
  '\\{': '\\}',
  '\\}': '\\{',
  '&lang;': '&rang;',
  '&rang;': '&lang;',
  '\\langle ': '\\rangle ',
  '\\rangle ': '\\langle ',
  '|': '|'
};

function bindCharBracketPair(open, ctrlSeq) {
  var ctrlSeq = ctrlSeq || open, close = OPP_BRACKS[open], end = OPP_BRACKS[ctrlSeq];
  CharCmds[open] = bind(Bracket, L, open, close, ctrlSeq, end);
  CharCmds[close] = bind(Bracket, R, open, close, ctrlSeq, end);
}
bindCharBracketPair('(');
bindCharBracketPair('[');
bindCharBracketPair('{', '\\{');
LatexCmds.langle = bind(Bracket, L, '&lang;', '&rang;', '\\langle ', '\\rangle ');
LatexCmds.rangle = bind(Bracket, R, '&lang;', '&rang;', '\\langle ', '\\rangle ');
CharCmds['|'] = bind(Bracket, L, '|', '|', '|', '|');

LatexCmds.left = P(MathCommand, function(_) {
  _.parser = function() {
    var regex = Parser.regex;
    var string = Parser.string;
    var succeed = Parser.succeed;
    var optWhitespace = Parser.optWhitespace;

    return optWhitespace.then(regex(/^(?:[([|]|\\\{)/))
      .then(function(ctrlSeq) { // TODO: \langle, \rangle
        var open = (ctrlSeq.charAt(0) === '\\' ? ctrlSeq.slice(1) : ctrlSeq);
        return latexMathParser.then(function (block) {
          return string('\\right').skip(optWhitespace)
            .then(regex(/^(?:[\])|]|\\\})/)).map(function(end) {
              var close = (end.charAt(0) === '\\' ? end.slice(1) : end);
              var cmd = Bracket(0, open, close, ctrlSeq, end);
              cmd.blocks = [ block ];
              block.adopt(cmd, 0, 0);
              return cmd;
            })
          ;
        });
      })
    ;
  };
});

LatexCmds.right = P(MathCommand, function(_) {
  _.parser = function() {
    return Parser.fail('unmatched \\right');
  };
});

var Binomial =
LatexCmds.binom =
LatexCmds.binomial = P(P(MathCommand, DelimsMixin), function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '\\binom';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-non-leaf">'
    +   '<span class="mq-paren mq-scaled">(</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-non-leaf">'
    +     '<span class="mq-array mq-non-leaf">'
    +       '<span>&0</span>'
    +       '<span>&1</span>'
    +     '</span>'
    +   '</span>'
    +   '<span class="mq-paren mq-scaled">)</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.textTemplate = ['choose(',',',')'];
});

var Choose =
LatexCmds.choose = P(Binomial, function(_) {
  _.createLeftOf = LiveFraction.prototype.createLeftOf;
});

var InnerMathField = P(MathQuill.MathField, function(_) {
  _.init = function(root, container) {
    RootBlockMixin(root);
    var ctrlr = this.controller = root.controller = Controller(root, container);
    ctrlr.API = this;
    ctrlr.editable = true;
    root.cursor = ctrlr.cursor.insAtRightEnd(root);
    ctrlr.createTextarea();
    ctrlr.editablesTextareaEvents();
  };
});
LatexCmds.MathQuillMathField = P(MathCommand, function(_, super_) {
  _.ctrlSeq = '\\MathQuillMathField';
  _.htmlTemplate =
      '<span class="mq-editable-field">'
    +   '<span class="mq-root-block">&0</span>'
    + '</span>'
  ;
  _.finalizeTree = function() { InnerMathField(this.ends[L], this.jQ); };
  _.latex = function(){ return this.ends[L].latex(); };
  _.text = function(){ return this.ends[L].text(); };
});

}());
