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`$sce` is a service that provides Strict Contextual Escaping services to AngularJS.

# Strict Contextual Escaping

Strict Contextual Escaping (SCE) is a mode in which AngularJS constrains bindings to only render trusted values. Its goal is to assist in writing code in a way that (a) is secure by default, and (b) makes auditing for security vulnerabilities such as XSS, clickjacking, etc. a lot easier.

## Overview

To systematically block XSS security bugs, AngularJS treats all values as untrusted by default in HTML or sensitive URL bindings. When binding untrusted values, AngularJS will automatically run security checks on them (sanitizations, whitelists, depending on context), or throw when it cannot guarantee the security of the result. That behavior depends strongly on contexts: HTML can be sanitized, but template URLs cannot, for instance.

To illustrate this, consider the `ng-bind-html` directive. It renders its value directly as HTML: we call that the context. When given an untrusted input, AngularJS will attempt to sanitize it before rendering if a sanitizer is available, and throw otherwise. To bypass sanitization and render the input as-is, you will need to mark it as trusted for that context before attempting to bind it.

As of version 1.2, AngularJS ships with SCE enabled by default.

## In practice

Here's an example of a binding in a privileged context:

    <input ng-model="userHtml" aria-label="User input">
    <div ng-bind-html="userHtml"></div>

Notice that `ng-bind-html` is bound to `userHtml` controlled by the user. With SCE disabled, this application allows the user to render arbitrary HTML into the DIV, which would be an XSS security bug. In a more realistic example, one may be rendering user comments, blog articles, etc. via bindings. (HTML is just one example of a context where rendering user controlled input creates security vulnerabilities.)

For the case of HTML, you might use a library, either on the client side, or on the server side, to sanitize unsafe HTML before binding to the value and rendering it in the document.

How would you ensure that every place that used these types of bindings was bound to a value that was sanitized by your library (or returned as safe for rendering by your server?) How can you ensure that you didn't accidentally delete the line that sanitized the value, or renamed some properties/fields and forgot to update the binding to the sanitized value?

To be secure by default, AngularJS makes sure bindings go through that sanitization, or any similar validation process, unless there's a good reason to trust the given value in this context. That trust is formalized with a function call. This means that as a developer, you can assume all untrusted bindings are safe. Then, to audit your code for binding security issues, you just need to ensure the values you mark as trusted indeed are safe - because they were received from your server, sanitized by your library, etc. You can organize your codebase to help with this - perhaps allowing only the files in a specific directory to do this. Ensuring that the internal API exposed by that code doesn't markup arbitrary values as safe then becomes a more manageable task.

In the case of AngularJS' SCE service, one uses $sce.trustAs (and shorthand methods such as $sce.trustAsHtml, etc.) to build the trusted versions of your values.

## How does it work?

In privileged contexts, directives and code will bind to the result of $sce.getTrusted(context, value) rather than to the value directly. Think of this function as a way to enforce the required security context in your data sink. Directives use $sce.parseAs rather than `$parse` to watch attribute bindings, which performs the $sce.getTrusted behind the scenes on non-constant literals. Also, when binding without directives, AngularJS will understand the context of your bindings automatically.

As an example, ngBindHtml uses $sce.parseAsHtml(binding expression). Here's the actual code (slightly simplified):

    var ngBindHtmlDirective = ['$sce', function($sce) {
      return function(scope, element, attr) {
        scope.$watch($sce.parseAsHtml(attr.ngBindHtml), function(value) {
          element.html(value || '');
        });
      };
    }];

## Impact on loading templates

This applies both to the `ng-include` directive as well as `templateUrl`'s specified by directives.

By default, Angular only loads templates from the same domain and protocol as the application document. This is done by calling $sce.getTrustedResourceUrl on the template URL. To load templates from other domains and/or protocols, you may either whitelist them or wrap it into a trusted value.

Please note: The browser's Same Origin Policy and Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) policy apply in addition to this and may further restrict whether the template is successfully loaded. This means that without the right CORS policy, loading templates from a different domain won't work on all browsers. Also, loading templates from `file://` URL does not work on some browsers.

## This feels like too much overhead

It's important to remember that SCE only applies to interpolation expressions.

If your expressions are constant literals, they're automatically trusted and you don't need to call `$sce.trustAs` on them (e.g. `<div ng-bind-html="'<b>implicitly trusted</b>'"></div>`) just works. The `$sceDelegate` will also use the `$sanitize` service if it is available when binding untrusted values to `$sce.HTML` context. AngularJS provides an implementation in `angular-sanitize.js`, and if you wish to use it, you will also need to depend on the `ngSanitize` module in your application.

The included $sceDelegate comes with sane defaults to allow you to load templates in `ng-include` from your application's domain without having to even know about SCE. It blocks loading templates from other domains or loading templates over http from an https served document. You can change these by setting your own custom whitelists and blacklists for matching such URLs.

This significantly reduces the overhead. It is far easier to pay the small overhead and have an application that's secure and can be audited to verify that with much more ease than bolting security onto an application later.

## What trusted context types are supported?

Context | Notes
--- | ---
`$sce.HTML` | For HTML that's safe to source into the application. The ngBindHtml directive uses this context for bindings. If an unsafe value is encountered, and the $sanitize service is available (implemented by the ngSanitize module) this will sanitize the value instead of throwing an error.
`$sce.CSS` | For CSS that's safe to source into the application. Currently, no bindings require this context. Feel free to use it in your own directives.
`$sce.URL` | For URLs that are safe to follow as links. Currently unused (`<a href=`, `<img src=`, and some others sanitize their urls and don't constitute an SCE context.)
`$sce.RESOURCE_URL` | For URLs that are not only safe to follow as links, but whose contents are also safe to include in your application. Examples include `ng-include`, `src` / `ngSrc` bindings for tags other than `IMG`, `VIDEO`, `AUDIO`, `SOURCE`, and `TRACK` (e.g. `IFRAME`, `OBJECT`, etc.) Note that `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` makes a stronger statement about the URL than `$sce.URL` does (it's not just the URL that matters, but also what is at the end of it), and therefore contexts requiring values trusted for `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` can be used anywhere that values trusted for `$sce.URL` are required.
`$sce.JS` | For JavaScript that is safe to execute in your application's context. Currently, no bindings require this context. Feel free to use it in your own directives.

Be aware that `a[href]` and `img[src]` automatically sanitize their URLs and do not pass them through $sce.getTrusted. There's no CSS-, URL-, or JS-context bindings in AngularJS currently, so their corresponding `$sce.trustAs` functions aren't useful yet. This might evolve.

## Format of items in resourceUrlWhitelist/Blacklist

Each element in these arrays must be one of the following:

- 'self'
  - The special string, `'self'`, can be used to match against all URLs of the same domain as the application document using the same protocol.
- String (except the special value `'self'`)
  - The string is matched against the full normalized / absolute URL of the resource being tested (substring matches are not good enough.)
  - There are exactly two wildcard sequences - `*` and `**`. All other characters match themselves.
  - `*`: matches zero or more occurrences of any character other than one of the following 6 characters: '`:`', '`/`', '`.`', '`?`', '`&`' and '`;`'. It's a useful wildcard for use in a whitelist.
  - `**`: matches zero or more occurrences of any character. As such, it's not appropriate for use in a scheme, domain, etc. as it would match too much. (e.g. http://**.example.com/ would match http://evil.com/?ignore=.example.com/ and that might not have been the intention.) Its usage at the very end of the path is ok. (e.g. http://foo.example.com/templates/**).
- RegExp (see caveat below)
  - Caveat: While regular expressions are powerful and offer great flexibility, their syntax (and all the inevitable escaping) makes them harder to maintain. It's easy to accidentally introduce a bug when one updates a complex expression (imho, all regexes should have good test coverage). For instance, the use of `.` in the regex is correct only in a small number of cases. A `.` character in the regex used when matching the scheme or a subdomain could be matched against a `:` or literal `.` that was likely not intended. It is highly recommended to use the string patterns and only fall back to regular expressions as a last resort.
  - The regular expression must be an instance of RegExp (i.e. not a string.) It is matched against the entire normalized / absolute URL of the resource being tested (even when the RegExp did not have the `^` and `$` codes.) In addition, any flags present on the RegExp (such as multiline, global, ignoreCase) are ignored.
  - If you are generating your JavaScript from some other templating engine (not recommended, e.g. in issue #4006), remember to escape your regular expression (and be aware that you might need more than one level of escaping depending on your templating engine and the way you interpolated the value.) Do make use of your platform's escaping mechanism as it might be good enough before coding your own. E.g. Ruby has Regexp.escape(str) and Python has re.escape. Javascript lacks a similar built in function for escaping. Take a look at Google Closure library's goog.string.regExpEscape(s).

Refer $sceDelegateProvider for an example.

## Show me an example using SCE.

    <div ng-controller="AppController as myCtrl">
      <i ng-bind-html="myCtrl.explicitlyTrustedHtml" id="explicitlyTrustedHtml"></i><br><br>
      <b>User comments</b><br>
      By default, HTML that isn't explicitly trusted (e.g. Alice's comment) is sanitized when
      $sanitize is available.  If $sanitize isn't available, this results in an error instead of an
      exploit.
      <div class="well">
        <div ng-repeat="userComment in myCtrl.userComments">
          <b>{{userComment.name}}</b>:
          <span ng-bind-html="userComment.htmlComment" class="htmlComment"></span>
          <br>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

    angular.module('mySceApp', ['ngSanitize'])
    .controller('AppController', ['$http', '$templateCache', '$sce',
      function AppController($http, $templateCache, $sce) {
        var self = this;
        $http.get('test_data.json', {cache: $templateCache}).then(function(response) {
          self.userComments = response.data;
        });
        self.explicitlyTrustedHtml = $sce.trustAsHtml(
            '<span onmouseover="this.textContent=&quot;Explicitly trusted HTML bypasses ' +
            'sanitization.&quot;">Hover over this text.</span>');
      }]);

    [
      { "name": "Alice",
        "htmlComment":
            "<span onmouseover='this.textContent=\"PWN3D!\"'>Is <i>anyone</i> reading this?</span>"
      },
      { "name": "Bob",
        "htmlComment": "<i>Yes!</i>  Am I the only other one?"
      }
    ]

    describe('SCE doc demo', function() {
      it('should sanitize untrusted values', function() {
        expect(element.all(by.css('.htmlComment')).first().getAttribute('innerHTML'))
            .toBe('<span>Is <i>anyone</i> reading this?</span>');
      });

      it('should NOT sanitize explicitly trusted values', function() {
        expect(element(by.id('explicitlyTrustedHtml')).getAttribute('innerHTML')).toBe(
            '<span onmouseover="this.textContent=&quot;Explicitly trusted HTML bypasses ' +
            'sanitization.&quot;">Hover over this text.</span>');
      });
    });

## Can I disable SCE completely?

Yes, you can. However, this is strongly discouraged. SCE gives you a lot of security benefits for little coding overhead. It will be much harder to take an SCE disabled application and either secure it on your own or enable SCE at a later stage. It might make sense to disable SCE for cases where you have a lot of existing code that was written before SCE was introduced and you're migrating them a module at a time. Also do note that this is an app-wide setting, so if you are writing a library, you will cause security bugs applications using it.

That said, here's how you can completely disable SCE:

    angular.module('myAppWithSceDisabledmyApp', []).config(function($sceProvider) {
      // Completely disable SCE.  For demonstration purposes only!
      // Do not use in new projects or libraries.
      $sceProvider.enabled(false);
    });

## Usage

`$sce();`

## Methods

- ###

  `isEnabled();`

  Returns a boolean indicating if SCE is enabled.

  #### Returns

  Boolean | True if SCE is enabled, false otherwise. If you want to set the value, you have to do it at module config time on $sceProvider.

- ###

  `parseAs(type, expression);`

  Converts Angular expression into a function. This is like $parse and is identical when the expression is a literal constant. Otherwise, it wraps the expression in a call to $sce.getTrusted(type, result)

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  type | string | The SCE context in which this result will be used.
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.

- ###

  `trustAs(type, value);`

  Delegates to `$sceDelegate.trustAs`. As such, returns a wrapped object that represents your value, and the trust you have in its safety for the given context. AngularJS can then use that value as-is in bindings of the specified secure context. This is used in bindings for `ng-bind-html`, `ng-include`, and most `src` attribute interpolations. See $sce for strict contextual escaping.

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  type | string | The context in which this value is safe for use, e.g. `$sce.URL`, `$sce.RESOURCE_URL`, `$sce.HTML`, `$sce.JS` or `$sce.CSS`.
  value | * | The value that that should be considered trusted.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in the context you specified.

- ###

  `trustAsHtml(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.trustAsHtml(value)` → `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.HTML, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.HTML` context.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in `$sce.HTML` context (like `ng-bind-html`).

- ###

  `trustAsCss(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.trustAsCss(value)` → `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.CSS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.CSS` context.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in `$sce.CSS` context. This context is currently unused, so there are almost no reasons to use this function so far.

- ###

  `trustAsUrl(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.trustAsUrl(value)` → `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.URL` context.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in `$sce.URL` context. That context is currently unused, so there are almost no reasons to use this function so far.

- ###

  `trustAsResourceUrl(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(value)` → `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` context.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in `$sce.RESOURCE_URL` context (template URLs in `ng-include`, most `src` attribute bindings, ...)

- ###

  `trustAsJs(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.trustAsJs(value)` → `$sceDelegate.trustAs($sce.JS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to mark as trusted for `$sce.JS` context.

  #### Returns

  * | A wrapped version of value that can be used as a trusted variant of your `value` in `$sce.JS` context. That context is currently unused, so there are almost no reasons to use this function so far.

- ###

  `getTrusted(type, maybeTrusted);`

  Delegates to `$sceDelegate.getTrusted`. As such, takes any input, and either returns a value that's safe to use in the specified context, or throws an exception. This function is aware of trusted values created by the `trustAs` function and its shorthands, and when contexts are appropriate, returns the unwrapped value as-is. Finally, this function can also throw when there is no way to turn `maybeTrusted` in a safe value (e.g., no sanitization is available or possible.)

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  type | string | The context in which this value is to be used.
  maybeTrusted | * | The result of a prior `$sce.trustAs` call, or anything else (which will not be considered trusted.)

  #### Returns

  * | A version of the value that's safe to use in the given context, or throws an exception if this is impossible.

- ###

  `getTrustedHtml(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.getTrustedHtml(value)` → `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.HTML, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.

  #### Returns

  * | The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.HTML, value)`

- ###

  `getTrustedCss(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.getTrustedCss(value)` → `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.CSS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.

  #### Returns

  * | The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.CSS, value)`

- ###

  `getTrustedUrl(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.getTrustedUrl(value)` → `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.

  #### Returns

  * | The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.URL, value)`

- ###

  `getTrustedResourceUrl(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.getTrustedResourceUrl(value)` → `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to pass to `$sceDelegate.getTrusted`.

  #### Returns

  * | The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`

- ###

  `getTrustedJs(value);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.getTrustedJs(value)` → `$sceDelegate.getTrusted($sce.JS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  value | * | The value to pass to `$sce.getTrusted`.

  #### Returns

  * | The return value of `$sce.getTrusted($sce.JS, value)`

- ###

  `parseAsHtml(expression);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.parseAsHtml(expression string)` → `$sce.parseAs($sce.HTML, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.

- ###

  `parseAsCss(expression);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.parseAsCss(value)` → `$sce.parseAs($sce.CSS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.

- ###

  `parseAsUrl(expression);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.parseAsUrl(value)` → `$sce.parseAs($sce.URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.

- ###

  `parseAsResourceUrl(expression);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.parseAsResourceUrl(value)` → `$sce.parseAs($sce.RESOURCE_URL, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.

- ###

  `parseAsJs(expression);`

  Shorthand method. `$sce.parseAsJs(value)` → `$sce.parseAs($sce.JS, value)`

  #### Parameters

  Param | Type | Details
  --- | --- | ---
  expression | string | String expression to compile.

  #### Returns

  function(context, locals) | A function which represents the compiled expression: `context` – `{object}` – an object against which any expressions embedded in the strings are evaluated against (typically a scope object). `locals` – `{object=}` – local variables context object, useful for overriding values in `context`.